The biological mechanisms that underpin primate social evolution remain poorly understood. Asian colobines display a range of social organizations, which makes them good models for investigating social evolution. By integrating ecological, geological, fossil, behavioral, and genomic analyses, we found that colobine primates that inhabit colder environments tend to live in larger, more complex groups. Specifically, glacial periods during the past 6 million years promoted the selection of genes involved in cold-related energy metabolism and neurohormonal regulation. More-efficient dopamine and oxytocin pathways developed in odd-nosed monkeys, which may have favored the prolongation of maternal care and lactation, increasing infant survival in cold environments. These adaptive changes appear to have strengthened interindividual affiliation, increased male-male tolerance, and facilitated the stepwise aggregation from independent one-male groups to large multilevel societies.

Tuberculosis is the primary cause of death due to infection in the world. Identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in sputum is a diagnostic test, which can be used in screening programs—especially in countries with a high incidence of tuberculosis—to identify and treat those persons with the highest risk of disseminating the infection. We previously developed an algorithm which is able to automatically detect mycobacteria on tissue; in particular, our algorithm identified acid-fast bacilli on tissue with 100% specificity, 95.65% sensitivity, and 98.33% accuracy. We tested this algorithm on 1059 Ziehl–Neelsen-stained sputum smears to evaluate its results as a possible tool for screening. The results were displayed as a heat map of 32 × 32 pixel patches. Analysis of the positive patches revealed a good specificity (86.84%) and 100% sensitivity for patches with a level of confidence over 90; furthermore, the accuracy remained over 95% for all levels of confidence over 80, except the class (95–100]. The modest specificity is caused by the peculiarities of smears (uneven thickness, dust contamination, lack of coverslip). We will train the algorithm on sputum smears to increase the specificity to over 95%. However, as our algorithm showed no false negatives, it is suitable for screening.

In this paper, a novel electron mediator, 1-methoxy-5-ethyl phenazinium ethyl sulfate (mPES), was introduced as a versatile mediator for disposable enzyme sensor strips, employing representative flavin oxidoreductases, lactate oxidase (LOx), glucose dehydrogenase (GDH), and fructosyl peptide oxidase (FPOx). A disposable lactate enzyme sensor with oxygen insensitive Aerococcus viridans-derived engineered LOx (AvLOx), with A96L mutant as the enzyme, was constructed. The constructed lactate sensor exhibited a high sensitivity (0.73 ± 0.12 μA/mM) and wide linear range (0–50 mM lactate), showings that mPES functions as an effective mediator for AvLOx. Employing mPES as mediator allowed this amperometric lactate sensor to be operated at a relatively low potential of +0.2 V to 0 V vs. Ag/AgCl, thus avoiding interference from uric acid and acetaminophen. The lactate sensors were adequately stable for at least 48 days of storage at 25 °C. These results indicated that mPES can be replaced with 1-methoxy-5-methyl phenazinium methyl sulfate (mPMS), which we previously reported as the best mediator for AvLOx-based lactate sensors. Furthermore, this study revealed that mPES can be used as an effective electron mediator for the enzyme sensors employing representative flavin oxidoreductases, GDH-based glucose sensors, and FPOx-based hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) sensors.

Many pond farmers cultivate milkfish by using traditional and semi-intensive system, whereas the difference of system used will generate the difference of farmer's revenue. The aim of this research is to know the comparison of milkfish pond's productivity level by traditional and semi-intensive system in Labuhan Kuris, Lape subdistrict. Sampling technique applies Purpose Sampling method and data analysis method be used is Mann-Whimey U-test. The result of average test of milkfish pond's productivity data within traditional and semi-intensive system gets p value < 0.05 means that there is significant difference between productivity data, where intensive system productivity is higher than traditional system. The result of average test of milkfish pond's yields data within traditional and semi-intensive system gets p value < 0.05 means that there is significant difference between yields data, where the yields of intensive system is greater than traditional system. Keywords: The Characteristics Of Milkfish, Milkfish, Management Technology, Income and Productivity

Background Indonesia’s ethnic heterogeneity contributes to substantial human genetic diversity, including variation in genes associated with malaria susceptibility and severity. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) in host genes encoding immune receptors and adhesion molecules may influence malaria pathogenesis by modulating inflammatory signaling and parasite–host cell interactions. Aims: This study aimed to evaluate the potential structural and functional impact of selected malaria-associated SNPs in human genes using a systematic in silico approach. Methods: A literature-guided and database-driven screening (dbSNP and UniProt) was used to identify relevant SNPs previously reported to be associated with malaria infection and/or the severity of infection. Inclusion criteria were: (1) localization within coding regions, (2) prior evidence of clinical relevance, (3) resulting in a nonsynonymous amino acid substitution, and (4) annotated with a reference SNP ID (rsID). Selected SNPs were subjected to protein structural modelling. Native and mutant protein structures were compared using PyMOL, conformational changes and differences were quantified using Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD). Results: A total of 38 SNPs in TLR4, ICAM1, and IL-22 gene with reported clinical relevance to infection were identified, of which 6 SNPs (TLR4: n=2; ICAM1: n=3; IL-22: n=1) met all inclusion criteria for malaria-associated variants. Five selected SNPs were located in coding regions and resulted in amino acid substitutions, several of which involved changes in residue polarity, whereas one SNPs was located in non-coding region. Structural comparison showed detectable but minimal conformational differences between the native and mutant proteins, with low RMSD values (maximum 0.014 Å in TLR4 variant rs4986790). Conclusion:This in silico analysis suggests that the selected malaria-associated SNPs in TLR4, ICAM-1, and IL-22 genes are unlikely to induce major structural rearrangements but may contribute to localized changes that affect protein interaction interfaces or signaling functions. Their potential contribution to malaria severity may therefore involve minor structural deviation rather than large conformational changes. This study provides a systematic computational framework for prioritizing host genetic variants for further functional validation, particularly in genetically diverse populations such as Indonesia.