Fungi play a fundamental role in the marine environment, being promising producers of bioactive molecules in the pharmacological and industrial fields, which have demonstrated potential health benefits against cardiovascular and other chronic diseases. This review pertains to the analysis of the lipid compositions across various species of marine fungi and their constantly discovered substances, as well as their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antithrombotic effects. The health-promoting aspects of these microorganisms will be explored, through the investigation of several mechanisms of action and interference of their bioactives in biochemical pathways. Despite exceptional results in this field, the potential of marine microorganisms remains largely unexplored due to the limited number of specialists in marine microbiology and mycology, a relatively recent science with significant contributions and potential in biodiversity and biotechnology.

This study investigates the development and evaluation of anti-photoaging creams enriched with natural extracts from avocado, apple, and kiwi by-products, with and without nanobubbles (NBs), focusing on their antioxidant, photoprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antiplatelet properties. Extract-containing creams showed significantly higher antioxidant capacity, particularly in the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay (S: 710.4 ± 344.3, NB: 566.3 ± 185.0, X: 202.8 ± 145.6 μmol TE/g DW at production; S: 631.7 ± 277.8, NB: 1019.3 ± 574.0, X: 449.8 ± 43.9 μmol TE/g DW after 1 month; p < 0.05), indicating up to a 250% improvement compared to the base cream and stable antioxidant activity during storage. The sun protection factor (SPF) increased in extract-containing creams after storage (8.7 ± 0.8 → 9.5 ± 0.6; p < 0.05). Attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) with Strat-M^® membranes revealed enhanced penetration of active compounds in enriched creams, while NBs did not significantly change absorption profiles. Platelet aggregation assays showed markedly lower half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values in extract-enriched creams compared to the base cream for both the platelet-activating factor (PAF) pathway (S: 300.0 ± 42.0, NB: 258.0 ± 31.0 vs. X: 685.0 ± 35.0; after 1 month S: 325.0 ± 50.0, NB: 275.0 ± 42.0 vs. X: 885.0 ± 112.0; p < 0.05) and the adenosine diphosphate (ADP) pathway (S: 450.0 ± 65.0, NB: 400.0 ± 31.0 vs. X: 880.0 ± 58.0; after 1 month S: 470.0 ± 52.0, NB: 412.0 ± 42.0 vs. X: 1102.0 ± 125.0; p < 0.05). In silico analysis was also performed to demonstrate the ligand/protein complex with the strongest affinity to the PAF receptor. Overall, these findings highlight the potential of fruit by-products as sustainable, multifunctional cosmetic ingredients supporting circular economy principles.

Sjögren’s syndrome (SS) is a chronic autoimmune disease primarily affecting the lacrimal and salivary glands, characterized by ocular and oral dryness. Beyond exocrine dysfunction, SS may also involve multiple organs and systems, contributing to systemic complications that impair a patient’s quality of life. Among these, ocular inflammation represents a significant clinical challenge, manifesting as dry eye disease and other vision-affecting complexities. Despite advances in SS understanding, the inflammatory mechanisms driving ocular manifestations remain incompletely elucidated. This review aims to clarify the key inflammatory pathways underlying ocular complications in SS and the clinical implications. Additionally, it discusses both conventional and novel therapeutic strategies focusing on mitigating SS-associated ocular inflammation, including targeted immunomodulatory agents, regenerative medicine, and innovative drug delivery systems. By integrating current knowledge from recent studies, this review attempts to provide researchers and clinicians with a comprehensive resource for optimizing SS treatment approaches. The advancement of targeted therapies and emerging mitigation strategies holds promise for improving patient outcomes and enhancing SS management.

In situ and operando small-angle X-ray and neutron scattering (SAXS and SANS) have become powerful techniques for studying adsorption processes because they provide real-time information that traditional ex situ methods cannot capture. This review examines the use of these techniques in four major material groups: soft matter and polymers, carbon-based materials, biological systems and ceramics. Unlike conventional before-and-after characterization, in situ methods allow researchers to follow structural changes during adsorption as they happen, revealing adsorption kinetics, intermediate states and pore-filling mechanisms. Operando approaches further connect nanoscale structural evolution with overall adsorption performance, leading to deeper mechanistic understanding. Important developments include monitoring structural rearrangements in polymers during adsorption, studying sodium storage mechanisms in hard carbon anodes using combined small- and wide-angle neutron scattering, observing protein conformational changes at hydrated interfaces, and identifying organic functional groups in mesoporous ceramics in real time. SANS contrast variation, especially through hydrogen/deuterium substitution, allows selective visualization of different components in complex systems, while synchrotron SAXS enables kinetic studies with millisecond time resolution. Despite these advantages, several challenges remain, including model-dependent interpretation of scattering data, difficulties in separating real structural changes from contrast-related artifacts, limitations in accessible timescales and the technical complexity of isotopic labeling. Future research is expected to focus on improved contrast methods, machine learning-assisted data analysis, multimodal approaches combining scattering with spectroscopy or microscopy and the application of these techniques to more complex and disordered adsorbents such as activated carbons, coals and bio-based materials. Overall, this review summarizes current methodologies, compares adsorption-related structural changes across different materials and highlights both current limitations and future opportunities for in situ and operando SAS studies in adsorption research.