Premature deliveries and preterm newborns are of a special significance to obstetricians. Despite great improvement in neonatal intensive care in the last two decades, prematurity is still the leading cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity. Complications associated with premature deliveries are malpresentation, prolapse of the umbilical cord, entrapment of some parts of the fetal body, as well as severe bruising or bone fractures. The injuries may also include soft tissue damage, neurological injury, or intracranial hemorrhage. Small body weight as well as the unaccomplished development of fetal vital systems make preterm newborns vulnerable to delivery trauma. The main goal of a cesarean section in extremely preterm deliveries is to reduce the number of these complications. On the other hand, premature deliveries are associated with an undeveloped lower uterine segment and other difficulties encountered during the operation, which make the procedure more complicated and difficult to perform. Therefore, the preterm delivery or delivery of a fetus with growth retardation is of great concern. In our review, we investigated previous publications regarding en caul deliveries, mostly cesarean sections. We concentrated on the neonatal outcomes and tried to establish the optimal mode and time for a premature delivery.

Background: The perimenopausal period, typically occurring between the ages of 40 and 55 years, represents a critical transitional stage in women’s physiology characterized by profound hormonal, metabolic, and systemic adaptations. While the endocrine aspects of this transition have been extensively investigated, increasing attention has recently been directed toward the role of micronutrient homeostasis in maintaining metabolic health and physical performance during this period. Therefore, the aim of this narrative review is to summarize current knowledge regarding microelement deficiencies in perimenopausal women and their potential impact on metabolic health and physical performance. Additionally, the review discusses the potential applications of VIS–NIR tissue spectrophotometry, including diagnostic platforms, such as SO/CHECK, as innovative tools for functional metabolic assessment. Materials and methods: This narrative review is based on literature concerning perimenopause, micronutrient deficiencies, mitochondrial bioenergetics, oxidative stress, intestinal barrier function, physical performance, and visible and near-infrared (VIS–NIR) tissue spectrophotometry. The reviewed literature includes experimental, clinical, and review studies addressing essential microelements and functional diagnostic approaches, including platforms such as SO/CHECK. Results: Essential microelements such as magnesium, zinc, selenium, iodine, and phosphorus participate in numerous biochemical processes including mitochondrial energy production, enzymatic regulation, antioxidant defense, and hormonal metabolism. Deficiencies in these elements may contribute to impaired mitochondrial function, increased oxidative stress, disturbances in intestinal barrier integrity, and reduced exercise tolerance. Functional metabolic disturbances may develop before measurable changes in blood parameters. VIS–NIR tissue spectrophotometry represents a promising non-invasive approach for assessing metabolic status at the tissue level. Conclusions: Micronutrient status plays a key role in metabolic health during perimenopause. Integration of functional diagnostic approaches, including VIS–NIR-based systems, such as the SO/CHECK platform, may support early detection of metabolic disturbances and personalized interventions.

Benign cystic and tumor lesions of the jaw bones represent relatively frequent pathological conditions encountered in oral and maxillofacial surgery. Although these lesions are often asymptomatic and slow-growing, they may lead to progressive weakening of bone structure. In individuals exposed to repetitive mechanical forces, such as athletes participating in contact sports, the presence of such lesions may significantly increase the risk of pathological fractures of the facial skeleton. The aim of the present study was to present a clinical case series of a benign jaw bone lesion treated surgically using a biphasic calcium sulfate biomaterial and to discuss the potential relevance of such lesions in athletes exposed to craniofacial trauma. The treatment involved surgical enucleation of the lesion followed by reconstruction of the bone defect using a biphasic calcium sulfate biomaterial (Bond Apatite®). Postoperative healing was uneventful, and radiological follow-up demonstrated progressive bone regeneration and gradual replacement of the biomaterial with newly formed bone tissue. The presented case series highlights the importance of early diagnosis and appropriate surgical management of jaw bone lesions, particularly in athletes exposed to craniofacial trauma. Reconstruction of bone defects using modern biomaterials may contribute to restoration of bone integrity and reduction of pathological fracture risk during sports activity.