Metabolic syndrome (MetS) has become a global problem. With the increasing prevalence of MetS worldwide, understanding its pathogenesis and treatment modalities are essential. Animal models should allow an appropriate representation of the clinical manifestations of human conditions. Rats are the most commonly used experimental animals for the study. The development of a proper MetS model using rats will contribute to the successful application of research findings to the clinical setting. Various intervention methods are used to induce MetS through diet induction with various compositions, chemicals, or a combination of both. This review will provide a comprehensive overview of several studies on the development of rat MetS models, along with the characteristics of the clinical manifestations resulting from each study.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) can lead to increase of insulin resistance (IR) and visceral adipose tissue production of adipocytokines. 6-gingerol is known to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Aim of this study is to investigate the effects of 6-gingerol on high-fat high-fructose (HFHF) diet-induced weight gain and IR in rats through modulation of adipocytokines. To induce MetS, male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed with a HFHF diet for 16 weeks and at Week 8, single-dose low-dose streptozotocin (22 mg/kg) were intraperitoneally injected. After 8 weeks of HFHF diet feeding, the rats were treated orally with 6-gingerol (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg/day) once daily for 8 weeks. At the end of the study, all animals were terminated, serum, liver, and visceral adipose tissues were harvested for biochemical analysis including the measurements of total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol, fasting plasma glucose, insulin, leptin, adiponectin, proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) and liver and adipose tissue histopathology. Biochemical parameters namely serum total cholesterol (243.7 ± 127.6 vs 72.6 ± 3 mg/dL), triglycerides (469.2 ± 164.9 vs 49.3 ± 6.3 mg/dL), fasting plasma glucose (334 ± 49.5 vs 121 ± 8.5 mg/dL), HOMA-IR (0.70 ± 0.24 vs 0.32 ± 0.06), and leptin (6.19 ± 1.24 vs 3.45 ± 0.33 ng/mL) were significantly enhanced, whereas HDL-cholesterol (26.2 ± 5.2 vs 27.9 ± 1.1 mg/dL) and adiponectin level (14.4 ± 5.5 vs 52.8 ± 10.7 ng/mL) were lowered in MetS vs normal control. Moreover, MetS were marked a significant increase in body weight and proinflammatory cytokines. Treatment with 6-gingerol dose-dependently restored all of those alterations towards normal values as well as the accumulation of lipid in liver and adipose tissues. These findings demonstrate that 6-gingerol, in a dose-dependent mode, showed capability of improving weight gain and IR in MetS rats through modulation of adipocytokines.

Antibiotics are antimicrobial drugs used to treat bacterial infections. High prevalence of infectious diseases, increasing the use of antibiotics in society. The high rate of antibiotics use without a doctor's prescription makes their use irrational and leads to drug resistance. One of the factors causing drug resistance is the lack of public knowledge about the use of drugs, especially antibiotics. Knowledge plays an important role in shaping certain beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors. The higher the level of education, it is expected that the better the level of knowledge on drug use. Studies to know the level of knowledge of residents using antibiotics, carried out in SMA and SMK Tambelang District Bekasi Regency, show that most respondents have insufficient knowledge (52.4%) of antibiotics. For this reason, PKM activities have been carried out in the form of education on the rational use of antibiotics, which was attended by 53 residents in SMK 1 Tambelang Bekasi, consisting of teachers, students, and educational staff. Before and after education, pretest and post-test were carried out to assess knowledge of antibiotics use. The mean pretest score was 8.08 points, and the post-test mean score was 9.42 points. Statistical analysis showed a mean difference between the pretest and post-test values of 1.34 points with a p-value of 0.008 (p <0.05). With the results obtained, it is expected to increase the knowledge of the residents of SMK 1 Negeri Tambelang Bekasi in the rational use of antibiotics so that it will indirectly reduce the incidence of resistance to antibioticsABSTRAK:Antibiotics are antimicrobial drugs used to treat bacterial infections. High prevalence of infectious diseases, increasing the use of antibiotics in society. The high rate of antibiotics use without a doctor's prescription makes their use irrational and leads to drug resistance. One of the factors causing drug resistance is the lack of public knowledge about the use of drugs, especially antibiotics. Knowledge plays an important role in shaping certain beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors. The higher the level of education, it is expected that the better the level of knowledge on drug use. Studies to know the level of knowledge of residents using antibiotics, carried out in SMA and SMK Tambelang District Bekasi Regency, show that most respondents have insufficient knowledge (52.4%) of antibiotics. For this reason, PKM activities have been carried out in the form of education on the rational use of antibiotics, which was attended by 53 residents in SMK 1 Tambelang Bekasi, consisting of teachers, students, and educational staff. Before and after education, pretest and post-test were carried out to assess knowledge of antibiotics use. The mean pretest score was 8.08 points, and the post-test mean score was 9.42 points. Statistical analysis showed a mean difference between the pretest and post-test values of 1.34 points with a p-value of 0.008 (p <0.05). With the results obtained, it is expected to increase the knowledge of the residents of SMK 1 Negeri Tambelang Bekasi in the rational use of antibiotics so that it will indirectly reduce the incidence of resistance to antibiotics

Peningkatan jumlah penyakit infeksi membuat penggunaan antibiotik juga meningkat. Tingginya penggunaan antibiotik serta penggunaan antibiotik yang tidak rasional menimbulkan terjadinya resistensi. Salah satu faktor yaitu kurangnya pengetahuan masyarakat terkait penggunaan antibiotik. Pengetahuan memiliki peran penting dalam membentuk kepercayaan dan sikap mengenai perilaku tertentu. Semakin tinggi tingkat pendidikan semakin baik pengetahuan terhadap penggunaan antibiotik. Studi ini bertujuan agar dapat mengetahui adanya hubungan tingkat pendidikan dengan pengetahuan dalam penggunaan antibiotik. Studi analitik cross sectional dilakukan pada 187 responden di dua SMA/SMK Kecamatan Tambelang Kabupaten Bekasi pada tahun 2020. Pengambilan sampel menggunakan teknik purposive sampling dengan kuesioner sebagai instrumen penelitian. Data yang terkumpul dianalisa menggunakan metode chi square. Hasil studi didapatkan sebanyak 49,7% responden dengan tingkat pendidikan SMP, 36,4% perguruan tinggi dan 13,9% SMA. Mayoritas responden memiliki tingkat pengetahuan buruk (52,4%) dalam penggunaan antibiotik. Terdapat hubungan bermakna antara tingkat pendidikan dengan pengeahuan dalam penggunaan antibiotik di lingkungan SMA/SMK Kecamatan Tambelang Kabupaten Bekasi (p value = 0,004).

BACKGROUND: Available medication for pain and joint stiffness release in osteoarthritis (OA) often gives considerable side effects. Undenatured type II collagen (UC-II) has been considered as a treatment for OA for its ability to prevent the progress of articular cartilage damage. Hence, this study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of UC-II in modulating knee joint function.METHODS: This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study involving 102 OA subjects. Subjects were randomized into two groups: receiving an oral daily dose of 40 mg/day UC-II or placebo containing microcrystalline cellulose for 90 days. Efficacy was evaluated by using the Western Ontario McMaster Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), Lequesne’s Functional Index (LFI), and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) score on day-1, -7, -30, -60, and -90. Safety was evaluated by assessing the adverse events (AEs) and abnormal laboratory findings.RESULTS: The WOMAC total score showed a significant difference between the UC-II group vs. the placebo group from day-7 (p<0.05) to day-90 (p<0.01). UC-II was more effective in reducing the WOMAC total scores by 81.6% compared to 19.2% in the placebo group after 90 days. The total LFI and VAS score was significantly reduced in subjects supplemented with UC-II compared to the placebo group (75.8% vs. 7.8%; 67.9% vs. 12.2%, respectively). No significant changes were observed in vital signs and clinical laboratory tests compared to the placebo. The UC-II had a good safety profile with no serious adverse events among participants.CONCLUSION: UC-II significantly improved the knee pain, stiffness, and functional mobility of OA patients and was well-tolerated.KEYWORDS: osteoarthritis, undenatured type II collagen, WOMAC, VAS, LFI

Polifarmasi merupakan pemberian lebih besar atau sama dengan 5 jenis obat dan sering dijumpai pada populasi lansia.Proses penuaan yang melibatkan penurunan proses metabolisme dan ekskresi obat, serta peningkatan jumlah komorbiditas penyakit kronis mendorong terjadinya polifarmasi. Studi ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran polifarmasi pada lansia dengan fokus pada penggunaan obat-obat kardiovaskular. Studi ini merupakan studi deskriptif potong lintang dengan sampel studi berjumlah 106 orang lansia penghuni Panti Wreda Ria Pembangunan Cibubur dan Panti Wreda Hana Pamulang. Pengambilan subyek menggunakan teknik simple random sampling. Data studi berupa diagnosis penyakit dan obat-obatan diperoleh melalui rekam medis. Hasil studi menunjukkan sebanyak 55 (51,89%) lansia di panti wreda mengalami polifarmasi dimana obat yang paling sering dikonsumsi adalah obat kardiovaskular sebanyak 32,63%. Ketepatan indikasi penggunaan obat kardiovaskular sebanyak 93,18% dengan ketepatan dosis pemberian obat kardiovaskular mencapai 86,36%. Angka kejadian interaksi obat kardiovaskular yang ditemukan pada lansia di panti wreda sebanyak 11,36%. Efek samping obat kardiovaskular yang terjadi pada lansia di panti wreda sebanyak 7 lansia dari 88 lansia yang meminum obat kardiovaskular, yaitu berupa edem tungkai, konstipasi, BAB hitam, dan bradikardi.