A cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2014 to July 2015 to determine the prevalence and populations ofE. colias well as the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility ofE. coliO157:H7 isolated from raw milk. Biochemical and serological tests methods were used to confirmE. coliandE. coliO157:H7 and isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility test using the agar disc diffusion method. Out of 380 raw milk samples examined, 129 (33.9%) and 11 (2.9%) were contaminated withE. coliandE. coliO157:H7, respectively. The highest prevalence was recorded in samples obtained from vendors (39.1%, 4.978 ± 0.180 log₁₀/ml) compared with samples from farmers (28.1%, 3.93 ± 0.01 log₁₀/ml) with significant differences(P=0.02). The frequency of contamination was higher in the samples collected from milk that was stored and transported in plastic containers (39.4%) than in the containers made of stainless steel (23.0%)(P=0.002). The antimicrobial susceptibility profile showed thatE. coliO157:H7 were resistant to tetracycline (81.8%), streptomycin (81.8%), and kanamycin (63.6%). Milk samples were produced and handled under poor hygienic conditions, stored, and transported in inappropriate containers and under temperature abuse conditions leading to high health risk to the consumers. Additional studies would be needed to establish association between the occurrences ofE. coliO157:H7 in raw milk and all the risk factors involved in and around Asosa town.

The study was a combination of two investigations into active outbreaks of lumpy skin disease (LSD) in cattle in central Ethiopia and a retrospective analysis of outbreak reports between January 2007 and December 2011 covering the entire country. Active outbreaks were investigated in four districts of central Ethiopia: Adama, Wenji, Mojo and Welenchiti. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to acquire data at individual and herd levels, and tissue samples were collected for viral isolation and characterisation. The retrospective analyses showed that, during the five-year period, a total of 1,675 outbreaks were reported, with 62,176 cases and 4,372 deaths. The highest number of outbreaks was reported in Oromia (1,066), followed by Amhara (365) and the Southern Nations, Nationalities and People’s Region (123). Outbreaks were more frequently observed between September and December and the highest number of outbreaks was reported in 2010. During the period studied, a total of 2,174 local zebu cattle were clinically examined and morbidity and mortality rates of 13.61% (296) and 4.97% (108) were recorded, respectively. Analysis of the active outbreaks revealed a relatively consistent morbidity rate, with the highest observed in Adama (15.38%), followed by Wenji (10.26%). The highest mortality rates were also observed in Adama (5.89%) and Wenji (3.42%). The LSD virus was isolated from 22 samples and all tested positive in polymerase chain reaction analysis. The disease was observed in the cattle regardless of previous vaccination with Kenyan sheep- and goatpox vaccine; thus, vaccine efficacy was assessed under field conditions and the authors’ findings, together with a possible remedy, are presented in this paper. Los autores describen un estudio en el que se combinaron por una parte dos investigaciones sobre brotes activos de dermatosis nodular contagiosa en ganado vacuno de Etiopía central y por la otra un análisis retrospectivo de los informes sobre brotes registrados en todo el territorio nacional entre enero de 2007 y diciembre de 2011. Se investigaron brotes activos en cuatro distritos de la zona central de Etiopía: Adama, Wenji, Mojo y Welenchiti. Para obtener datos sobre los ejemplares y rebaños afectados se utilizó un cuestionario semiestructurado, y además se recogieron muestras tisulares para someterlas a pruebas de aislamiento y caracterización del virus. El análisis retrospectivo reveló un total de 1 675 brotes declarados, con 62 176 casos y 4 372 muertes, durante los cinco años estudiados. El mayor número de brotes comunicados se dio en la división de Oromía (1 066), seguida de la de Amhara (365) y la de «Naciones, nacionalidades y pueblos del Sur» (123). La época de mayor frecuencia de brotes iba de septiembre a diciembre, y el año en que se notificó un mayor número de ellos fue 2010. Durante el periodo estudiado, se sometieron a reconocimiento clínico un total de 2 174 cebúes, que arrojaron índices de morbilidad y mortalidad de un 13,61% (296) y un 4,97% (108), respectivamente. El análisis de los brotes activos puso de manifiesto una tasa de morbilidad relativamente constante, cuyos valores más altos se observaron en Adama (15,38%) y Wenji (10,26%). Los mayores índices de mortalidad también se registraron en Adama (5,89%) y Wenji (3,42%). El virus de la dermatosis nodular contagiosa fue aislado en 22 muestras, todas las cuales arrojaron resultado positivo al análisis por reacción en cadena de la polimerasa. Se observó que la enfermedad había afectado a ejemplares de ganado vacuno con independencia de que estuvieran o no previamente inmunizados con la vacuna keniana de la viruela ovina y la viruela caprina. A partir de ahí se evaluó la eficacia de la vacuna en las condiciones reinantes sobre el terreno, y los autores exponen sus conclusiones, así como un posible remedio, en este artículo. Les auteurs présentent les résultats de deux enquêtes sur des foyers actifs de dermatose nodulaire contagieuse affectant les bovins d’Éthiopie centrale et d’une analyse rétrospective des foyers notifiés entre janvier 2007 et décembre 2011 sur l’ensemble du territoire national. Les foyers actifs étudiés sont survenus dans quatre districts de la région centrale de l’Éthiopie, à savoir Adama, Wenji, Mojo et Welenchiti. Les données au niveau individuel et des troupeaux ont été recueillies au moyen d’un questionnaire de type semi-structuré ; des échantillons de tissus ont été prélevés en vue de procéder à l’isolement et à la caractérisation du virus. Les analyses rétrospectives ont dénombré 1 675 foyers notifiés pendant les cinq années de l’étude, avec un total de 62 176 cas dont 4 372 décès. Le plus grand nombre de foyers a été rapporté dans la région d’Oromia (1 066 foyers), suivie par Amhara (365 foyers) et la Région des nations, nationalités et peuples du Sud (123 foyers). Les foyers étaient plus fréquents chaque année entre les mois de septembre et décembre et c’est en 2010 que leur nombre a été le plus élevé. Pendant la période de l’étude, 2 174 zébus de race locale ont été soumis à un examen clinique ; les taux de morbidité et de mortalité enregistrés ont été respectivement de 13,61 % (296) et de 4,97 % (108). L’analyse des foyers actifs a fait apparaître un taux de morbidité relativement cohérent avec ces observations ; le taux de plus élevé a été enregistré dans le district d’Adama (15,38 %), suivi du district...

Bovine tuberculosis is among the primary zoonotic disease caused by Mycobacterium bovis which has significant impact on the health of livestock and human. It has been significantly a cause for great economic loss in animal production. A cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2014 to June 2016 on 315 cattle in selected areas of eastern Ethiopia, aiming to estimate the occurrence of bovine tuberculosis using comparative intradermal tuberculin skin test and assess cattle owners’ awareness on its public health implication. Random sampling method was applied in order to select animals from farm/household and associated risk factors were recorded before purified protein derivative (PPD) injection. Forty three farm/household owners of tuberculin tested animals were interviewed using pre-tested structured questionnaires. The overall prevalence of bovine tuberculosis was 20.3% (n = 64) in dairy cattle at recommended cut off > 4 mm. From a total of 43 farms/households tested, 22 were positive; each farm exhibited at least one tuberculin positive reactor animal with a total herd level prevalence of 51.2%. The prevalence of bovine tuberculosis in individual animal level was significantly different (χ2 = 45.2; P-value = 0.000) in different sites with a higher prevalence (50%) in Dire Dawa. Farming system, herd size and other risk factors were significantly (p < 0.05) associated with bovine tuberculosis occurrence. Of the total interviewed farm owners, only 33% had the knowledge of or had heard about bovine tuberculosis and 23% respondents were aware of the zoonotic importance of the disease. More than 50% of the interviewees had shown their preference of raw milk consumption. Out of the total interviewed households, 3 (7%) farm workers had TB cases that had direct contact with the animals. The study showed bovine tuberculosis is highly prevalent. Associated risk factors contributed to the prevalence of the disease in cattle and its transmission. Moreover, the majority of cattle owners lack awareness about the disease and its public health significance. Awareness rising about the disease, its transmission and zoonotic implication is of great importance for reduction and control measures. Evidence of tuberculosis patient farm attendants calls also for further detail investigation.