Recently, many companies have substituted human labor with robotics. Some farmers are sharing different perspectives on the incorporation of technology into farming techniques. Some are willing to accept the technology, some are hesitant and bemused to adapt modern technology, and others are uncertain and are worried about the potential of technology to cause havoc and decrease yields. The third group prevails the most in the developed world, for lack of know-how, including translation of utility and, most significantly, the expense involved. A special Smart Tillage platform is established to solve the above issues. A smart-engine-based decision has been developed, which further uses classification and regression trees to shift towards decision-making. The decision is focused entirely on different input factors, such as type of crop, time/month of harvest, type of plant required for the crop, type of harvest, and authorised rental budget. Sitting on top of this would be a recommendation engine that is powered by deep learning network to suggest the escalation of a farmer from lower to higher category, namely, small to medium to large. A metaheuristic is one of the best computing techniques that help for solving a problem without the exhaustive application of a procedure. Recommendations will be cost-effective and suitable for an escalating update depending on the use of sufficient amends, practices, and services. We carried out a study of 562 agriculturists. Owing to the failure to buy modern equipment, growers are flooded by debt. We question if customers will be able to rent and exchange appliances. The farmers would be able to use e-marketplace to develop their activities.

The advancement of Internet technologies has led to the availability of audios, images, and videos in different forms. The unauthorized users are exploiting the use of multimedia by transmitting them on various Internet sites to earn money unethically without the intervention of the original copyright holder. Watermarking is a technique used to hide the signal known as watermark inside multimedia data that is not visible to the intruder to manipulate any information. In this paper, a secured watermarking approach is developed to tackle issues related to copyright protection and ownership identification. A Secured Graph Based Transform, Singular Valued Decomposition, and Hyperchaotic Encryption hybrid techniques are proposed. The watermark cannot be embedded in every frame of the video as it adds to the size of the video and watermark can be easily retrieved by an intruder. Therefore, the frame selection algorithm has been proposed in the given work. Adding watermark in the frame adds to the challenge of quality loss. The quality loss is addressed in this work. Various attacks have been applied on the watermarked frames to calculate the performance of the proposed technique using quality metrics: Peak Signal to Noise Ratio, Structural Similarity Index, Normalized Correlation, and Bit Error Rate. The results indicate that the proposed technique is effective against various attack scenarios.

Evaluation of groundwater potential and its quality assessment for drinking and irrigation has recently become a major concern, especially in developing countries due to various constraints. The primary aim of this study is to evaluate the quality of groundwater and establish whether they are safe for domestic and agricultural usage. 78 samples were collected during dry and wet seasons from 39 locations in the Gunabay district of the upper Blue Nile, Ethiopia. The following physicochemical parameters were evaluated successfully (T, pH, EC, TDS, Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Fe, Cl⁻, F⁻, SO₄²⁻, PO₄³⁻, CO₃²⁻, HCO₃⁻, and NO₃⁻-N). Then, Entropy Weight Water Quality Index (EWQI) and irrigation water quality indices (SAR, %Na, MAR, RSC, PS, KI, PI, and IWQI) were used to assess the distribution of groundwater quality in the study area. The Piper diagram used to characterize the groundwater types revealed that Ca–HCO₃ is dominant in the area and rock-water interaction regulates the chemical characteristics of groundwater. Wilcox diagram was used to analyze the salinity level in the groundwater. The findings showed that the groundwater had higher nitrate levels relative to the permissible level of WHO standards due to excessive use of fertilizers in rural areas. Depending on the EWQI approach, the study area was categorized as excellent, good, and medium zones, covering 84.6%, 12.8%, and 2.6%, respectively. The results depict that high-quality drinking water was available in rural areas, n high to medium in the urban regions. The comparative irrigation water indices record 85% of water wells are suitable for irrigation, but some well sites are unsuitable due to higher salinity hazards and deep rock interaction. These integrated water quality indices were effective in validating drinking and irrigation water quality in the study area.

The alteration of spatial patterns of landscape interrupts water balance components in Bilate basin of Ethiopia. The aim is to characterize the spatio‐temporal variation of surface‐subsurface hydrological water balance using the WetSpass model comprising of soil type, topography, groundwater depth, and slope. Environment for Visualizing Images (ENVI) and Arc‐GIS software were assimilated for the classification of Landsat images from 1989 to 2019 replicating the forest, shrub, and grasslands which decrease by 4.0%, 9.41%, and 14.87%, respectively, and agricultural land increasing by 27.06% from 1989 to 2019. The goodness of fit in surface runoff and subsurface flow for the two model outputs with the square of regression (R²) of 0.79 and 0.81, while the root mean square errors (RMSEs) 8.26 mm and 8.39 mm for 1989 and 2019, respectively, were calculated. Average annual interception, groundwater recharge, surface runoff, and actual‐evapotranspiration were 36.4 mm, 127.34 mm, 614.95 mm, and 517.59 mm, respectively, revealing that WetSpass works remarkably in simulating the components of the hydrological water balance.