In recent years, the in-depth implementation of China’s “shifting from secondary industries to tertiary industries” policy, coupled with the accelerating pace of urban renewal, has positioned the transformation and reuse of industrial heritage as a pivotal approach to enhancing urban spatial quality and fostering cultural continuity. This paper focuses on three mixed-mode industrial heritage transformation parks in Hebei Province: Dahua, Miansan, and Shimeiji. Based on existing research and practical circumstances, an evaluation system encompassing six dimensions and 18 indicators is established. On this basis, a questionnaire survey was conducted, including two parts: a satisfaction questionnaire and a Kano model questionnaire. According to the obtained data, the use of the park after completion was evaluated and the existing problems of the mixed-mode industrial heritage renovation park were summarized comprehensively. The research finds out the shortcomings of the commonalities and differences of mixed-mode industrial heritage parks, finally putting forward optimization suggestions for the problems, in order to provide theoretical reference and practical guidance for the renovation projects of the same type of industrial heritage in the urban renewal stage.

To investigate the bearing behavior of symmetrical full-scale different strength concrete filled double skin steel tube (CFDST) stub columns, 19 full-scale specimens were designed, considering the slenderness ratio (λ); the compression strength of core concrete and sandwich concrete (f_cki, f_cko), the thickness of the inner and outer steel tubes (t_i, t_o); the diameter of inner and outer steel tubes (D_i, D_o); and the tensile strength of the inner and outer steel tubes (f_yki, f_yko) as the main parameters. Nonlinear constitutive models for concrete considering constraint effect were adopted, and a finite element (FE) model was established using ABAQUS software. By comparing the results between simulations and experiments, the rationality of the modeling method was verified. Based on the FE model, the parameter analysis for CFDST columns were conducted, and the force mechanism, stress distribution, and deformation process were analyzed. The results showed that the axial compression bearing capacity ($N_{\mathrm{s}}^{\mathrm{u}}$) increased significantly with an increase in f_cki, t_o, D_o, and f_cko, while $N_{\mathrm{s}}^{\mathrm{u}}$ decreased gradually with an increase in λ. Finally, according to the calculated results of the specimens, the calculation formula for $N_{\mathrm{s}}^{\mathrm{u}}$ of full-scale composite columns was statistically regressed using 1stOpt software and showed a good agreement with the FE.

The purpose of this paper is to construct and validate a model centered on architectural emotion, to explore the role of emotion in architectural design, and to provide theoretical support for emotion-oriented design. This study collected 614 terms related to architectural emotion, screened 30 core terms, constructed a two-dimensional architectural emotion model, and verified the scientific and practicality of the model through three measurement methods. First, the one-dimensional scale analysis identified two dimensions of pleasure and charm, which portrayed the range of word variation; second, the Principal Component Analysis confirmed the periodic ordering pattern of words, which revealed its systematic relationship; and, lastly, the Multidimensional Scaling Analysis demonstrated the distribution of emotion words based on cognitive similarity in the multidimensional space. Based on this model, this paper proposes a three-layer circular model of “architectural emotion-architectural cognition-architectural elements”, which constructs the correspondence between architectural emotion and design elements, as well as how architectural cognition and architectural elements can synergize to create a spatial experience that triggers specific emotions. The model provides theoretical support for emotion-oriented architectural design and evaluation, and helps designers to better understand the relationship between emotion and space so as to create more valuable architectural works.

This study aims to establish a method-integrative framework for emotion-oriented architectural image generation. The framework combines Stable Diffusion with targeted LoRA (Low-Rank Adaptation), a lightweight and parameter-efficient fine-tuning approach, together with ControlNet-based structural constraints, to examine how controllable design-element manipulations influence emotional responses. The methodology follows a closed-loop “generation–evaluation” workflow, with each LoRA module independently targeting a single design element. Guided by the relaxation–arousal emotional dimension, the framework is evaluated using subjective ratings and electroencephalogram (EEG) measures. Twenty-seven participants viewed six architectural space categories, each comprising four conditions (baseline, color, material, and form modification). EEG α/β power ratio (RAB) served as the primary neurophysiological marker of arousal. Statistical analysis indicated that LoRA-based modifications of design elements produced distinct emotional responses: color and material changes induced lower arousal, whereas changes in form elicited a bidirectional pattern involving relaxation and arousal. The right parietal P4 electrode site showed the most sensitive emotional response to design element changes, with consistent statistical significance. P4 is a human scalp EEG location associated with cortical activity related to visuospatial processing. Descriptive results suggested opposite directional effects with similar intensity trends; however, linear mixed-effects model (LMM) inference did not support significant group-level linear coupling, indicating individual variation. This study demonstrates the feasibility of emotion-guided architectural image generation, showing that controlled manipulation of color, material, and form can elicit measurable emotional responses in human brain activity. The findings provide a methodological basis for future multimodal, adaptive generative systems and offer a quantitative pathway for investigating the relationship between emotional states and architectural design elements.