Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have emerged as efficient mechanical-energy harvesters with advantages—simple architectures, broad material compatibility, low cost, and strong environmental tolerance—positioning them as key enablers of self-powered systems. This review synthesizes recent progress in energy-storage interfaces, power management, and system-level integration for TENGs. We analyze how intrinsic source characteristics—high output voltage, low current, large internal impedance, and pulsed waveforms—complicate efficient charge extraction and utilization. Accordingly, this work highlights a variety of power-conditioning approaches, including advanced rectification, multistage buffering, impedance transformation/matching, and voltage regulation. Moreover, recent developments in the integration of TENGs with storage elements, cover hybrid topologies and flexible architectures. Application case studies in wearable electronics, environmental monitoring, smart-home security, and human–machine interfaces illustrate the dual roles of TENGs as power sources and self-driven sensors. Finally, we outline research priorities: miniaturized and integrated power-management circuits, AI-assisted adaptive control, multimodal hybrid storage platforms, load-adaptive power delivery, and flexible, biocompatible encapsulation. Overall, this review provides a consolidated view of state-of-the-art TENG-based self-powered systems and practical guidance toward real-world deployment.

Among various emerging energy technologies, triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have garnered significant attention owing to their ability to convert environmental mechanical energy into electrical energy through the triboelectric effect and electrostatic induction. However, there are some problems with optimizing the electrical output and conversion efficiency of TENGs. This paper presents a high-performance TENG enhanced with BaTiO₃ nanowires(BTONWs) using electrospinning technology. PVDF was doped with BTONWs to fabricate TENGs with high flexibility and efficient energy conversion. BaTiO₃ and PVDF all exhibited inherent properties and triboelectric properties, maximizing the conversion of pressure into electrical energy output. This integration effectively enhances the conversion power and provides a continuous energy supply. Experimental results show that the fabricated TENGs achieved a current and voltage of 12 μA and 280 V, respectively, with a maximum power density of 1.45 W/m² at a load resistance of 90 MΩ. In addition, the performance of the TENGs was tested using a calculator, timer, and LED lights. By connecting to a simple external circuit and continuously tapping the TENG, the devices functioned normally, demonstrating that the TENG can constantly and stably output electrical energy by continuously collecting mechanical energy to power microgenerators. This work may significantly contribute to developing energy harvesting, wearable devices, and micropower sources.