Background/Objectives: Vision 2030 of Saudi Arabia is an important project that mainly targets the reduction in dependency on the oil economy through the growth of non-oil Industries. This study investigates Saudi Arabia’s effort for Vision 2030 to incentivise investment in the non-oil industry’s growth. Material and Methods:A sample of 225 employees of the non-oil industries of Saudi Arabia was selected as sample participants. A survey was conducted for data collection, and SPSS software was used to analyse the data. Findings:The findings indicate that sig values for all tests were 0.000 < 0.05 to support the selection of an alternative hypothesis. Therefore, it can easily be determined from the analysis that a more robust relationship is present between Vision 2030 with incentivised investment, economic stability, and financial accommodation.The advantages of reform programs have been effective in non-oil industries of Saudi Arabia to increase production standards and obtain more customer engagement.Conclusion: This research contributes to providing a straightforward concept in Vision 2030, which is Saudi Arabia’s reform program to develop the economic condition of Non-Oil Sectors. Hence, reform in the policy for economic stability can help to maintain the growth of different sectors and can further support financial assets.

Macroeconomic shocks and opportunities are considered to be a turning point of business decisions. This study seeks to examine the changing behaviour of institutional investors in Indian stock market in the changing macroeconomic scenario after global financial crisis (2008) for the period from 2008 to 2024. The study also provides a comparative analysis of domestic and foreign institutional investor’s investment behavior and examines the impact of macroeconomic shocks and opportunities on it. The macroeconomic shocks are proxy of the time period of global financial crisis and covid-19. The opportunities are measured by technological innovation, digital payment culture and stock market return. The institutional investors are classified broadly into two types, well known as Foreign Institutional Investors (FPIs) and Domestic Institutional Investors (DIIs). The trend and impact analysis are done by graphs and regression model. The impact of macroeconomic shocks and opportunities is measured by implying dummy variable Regression models and GARCH models. The finding suggests that the growth in purchase and sale of securities by DIIs is more than the FPIs after technological innovations (2016 onwards). The empirical analysis suggests that purchase bahaviour of both type of investors is highly attracted by market return. The sale behaviour is sensitive towards both macroeconomic shocks and return in the market. When the purchase of FPIs is higher, then sale of DIIs is higher and the positive of impact of purchase of FPIs is nullifying the negative impact of the DIIs. The GARCH model result suggests that the market return has provided stability to the institutional investment while shocks have generated volatility in the institutional investment of both foreign and domestic in the Indian stock market.

This study aims to examine the role of green finance in linking resource-intensive sectors in GCC countries to improved energy productivity and environmental sustainability through the use of foreign direct investment (FDI). The study applies ARDL models to data collected from 1990 to 2023 in order to comprehend the long-term and short-term relationships among FDI, green finance, research and development, trade openness, GDP, and renewable energy usage. The findings highlight the significance of foreign direct investment (FDI), research and development (R&D), and green financing in bolstering industrial strength and energy productivity, as well as in achieving environmental objectives. This study further demonstrates how susceptible these systems are to inefficiency by finding that negative shocks to energy efficiency are more detrimental than positive ones. Green investments, when coupled with energy efficiency and trade liberalisation, can reduce competitiveness in the short term while leading to sustainability in the long run. This study takes a novel approach by presenting green finance as a critical link between foreign direct investment (FDI) and sustainable development. It demonstrates how green finance can transform resource-based economies' industrial growth driven by FDI into development that is both more energy-efficient and environmentally friendly.

This paper uses data from the 24 governorates in Tunisia over the period 2012–2020 to study the relationship between job insertion of higher education graduates into the formal labor market and a number of independent variables, namely active labor supply, labor demand, an active labor market policy program (named the CIVP program), and the waiting time for job insertion. The balanced panel, which includes 216 observations for each variable, was the basis of different tests and estimations. The results of the tests allowed the assessment of a fixed effects model and a long-term relationship using FMOLS and VECM models. Results show that, in the long term, active labor supply and the CIVP program have positive effects on the job insertion of higher education graduates. In contrast, the results in the short term do not appear significant, with a negative effect of the CIVP program that reflects the fact that companies exploit most of the benefits of this wage subsidy program on job insertion before final recruitment. Using the ARDL model, the individual results by governate show specific differences across areas.