Salmonella paratyphi A is a significant human pathogen responsible for paratyphoid fever which affects millions globally, particularly in regions with limited clean water and sanitation access. The blood samples were cultured on MacConkey agar and identified by biochemical tests and an API 20E kit. Antimicrobial susceptibility was performed according to CLSI guidelines using different antibiotics and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for ciprofloxacin were determined using agar dilution. The biofilm-forming ability of isolates was performed, and the effect of bile salts on biofilm production was also tested. Extracellular polysaccharides from select isolates were extracted and analyzed via Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy to characterize their chemical properties. The highly infected age group with S. paratyphi A was 21–40 and showed 42 % prevalence. All the isolates showed resistance to nalixidic acid and 22 % isolates to ciprofloxacin. The isolates dose-dependent inhibition with different MIC values for ciprofloxacin in the range of 8 μg/ml to 1024 μg/ml. The isolates showed variations in biofilm formation, most of them were moderate biofilm producers, around 32 % and 28 % of the isolates were strong biofilm producers. Additionally, we observed that bile salts treatment increase the biofilm forming ability of isolates. The study highlighted the prevalence and alarming rate of ciprofloxacin resistance among clinical Salmonella paratyphi A isolates. The biofilm formation analysis revealed that a significant proportion of S. paratyphi A isolates produced biofilms, which may contribute to their resistance and pathogenicity.

In this study, we synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using methanolic and ethanolic extracts of Adiantum incisum and evaluated different biological activities. The transition from bright green to dark brown confirmed the synthesis of AgNPs, which was confirmed by UV-vis spectroscopy absorbance peaks between 400–500 nm. Furthermore, optimized biosynthesis by adjusting different parameters such as temperature, pH, and various salt concentrations. Similarly, the characterization of AgNPs was performed using FTIR, XRD, EDX, and SEM. FTIR revealed the presence of functional groups involved in capping and reduction. XRD confirmed the face-centered cubic crystalline structure, SEM revealed monodispersed spherical particles and EDX confirmed the presence of elemental silver. Similarly, the biological activities of plant extracts and synthesized AgNPs were evaluated. Insecticidal assays against Tribolium castaneum demonstrate that AgNPs inhibit more than plant extracts. Phytotoxicity tests against Lemna minor indicated that AgNPs possess greater phytotoxic potential and antioxidant activity assessed using the DPPH assay revealed dose-dependent radical scavenging capabilities with AgNPs showing superiority to plant extracts. The analgesic potential was evaluated using the acetic acid-induced writhing test, where AgNPs achieved a higher inhibition rate than extracts. The carrageen-induced paw edema test evaluated anti-inflammatory activity with AgNPs showing greater efficacy. Antibacterial assays against Shigella dysenteriae and Pseudomonas aureginosa to the antibacterial activity indicated that AgNPs have antibacterial potential. Antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger also showed a notable inhibition zone. These findings demonstrate that the biosynthesis of AgNPs from A. incisum extracts exhibits significant biological activities, highlighting their potential applications in pharmaceutical and agricultural fields.

Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) were synthesized using methanolic and ethanolic extracts of Adiantum incisum and evaluated different biological activities. T