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Authorized remanufacturing is an important means to achieve green manufacturing and carbon neutrality. In this study, a game theory model between a manufacturer and a remanufacturer was constructed to analyze the impact of government subsidies and carbon tax policies on authorized remanufacturing. Based on the game theory model, the effects of two government policies on the optimal solution, namely, the unit cost of remanufacturing product authorization and the waste product recovery rate, were compared and analyzed. This analysis could provide a reference for the government to improve and formulate relevant remanufacturing policies. The main results are as follows: government subsidy policies may increase the unit cost of remanufacturing product authorization and the rates of waste product recovery; government carbon tax policies may not affect the unit cost of remanufacturing product authorization, and increase the rates of waste product recovery; the government subsidy policy may not affect the unit retail price of new products, and reduces the unit retail price of remanufactured products; the government subsidy and carbon tax policies may reduce sales of new products and increase sales of remanufactured products; the government subsidies may increase the revenue of the original equipment manufacturer (OEM) and the remanufacturer; and the government carbon tax policies may increase the revenue of the remanufacturer. However, government carbon tax policies increase the revenue of the OEM only when the new product carbon tax amount is higher than a certain threshold. The impact of the two policies on the environment is related to the ratio of the two products’ impact on the environment, i.e., the quota ratio between the unit government carbon tax of the new product and the unit government subsidy of the remanufactured product. Finally, the consumer surplus is maximized when the government adopts the subsidy policy and lowest when the government adopts the carbon tax policy.
Biao Li; Yong Geng; Xiqiang Xia; Dan Qiao; Hao Wang. Comparatively Analyzing the Impact of Government Subsidy and Carbon Tax Policy on Authorized Remanufacturing. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 8293 .
AMA StyleBiao Li, Yong Geng, Xiqiang Xia, Dan Qiao, Hao Wang. Comparatively Analyzing the Impact of Government Subsidy and Carbon Tax Policy on Authorized Remanufacturing. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (16):8293.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBiao Li; Yong Geng; Xiqiang Xia; Dan Qiao; Hao Wang. 2021. "Comparatively Analyzing the Impact of Government Subsidy and Carbon Tax Policy on Authorized Remanufacturing." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 16: 8293.
To improve low-carbon technology, the government has shifted its strategy from subsidizing low-carbon products (LCP) to low-carbon technology. To analyze the impact of government subsidies based on carbon emission reduction levels on different entities in the low-carbon supply chain (LCSC), game theory is used to model the provision of government subsidies to low-carbon enterprises and retailers. The main findings of the paper are that a government subsidy strategy based on carbon emission reduction levels can effectively drive low-carbon enterprises to further reduce the carbon emissions. The government’s choice of subsidy has the same effect on the LCP retail price per unit, the sales volume, and the revenue of low-carbon products per unit. When the government subsidizes the retailer, the low-carbon product wholesale price per unit is the highest. That is, low-carbon enterprises use up part of the government subsidies by increasing the wholesale price of low-carbon products. The retail price of low-carbon products per unit is lower than the retail price of low-carbon products in the context of decentralized decision making, but the sales volume and revenue of low-carbon products are greater in the centralized decision-making. The cost–benefit-sharing contract could enable the decentralized decision model to achieve the same level of profit as the centralized decision model.
Biao Li; Yong Geng; Xiqiang Xia; Dan Qiao. The Impact of Government Subsidies on the Low-Carbon Supply Chain Based on Carbon Emission Reduction Level. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 7603 .
AMA StyleBiao Li, Yong Geng, Xiqiang Xia, Dan Qiao. The Impact of Government Subsidies on the Low-Carbon Supply Chain Based on Carbon Emission Reduction Level. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (14):7603.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBiao Li; Yong Geng; Xiqiang Xia; Dan Qiao. 2021. "The Impact of Government Subsidies on the Low-Carbon Supply Chain Based on Carbon Emission Reduction Level." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 14: 7603.
Along with industry upgrading and urbanization, the agricultural industry in China has been experiencing a stage of rapid development, on the bright side. On the other side, ecological environment deterioration and resource scarcity have become prevalent. Called by the current situation, circular agriculture arises as a direction for the industry to achieve sustainable development. This study develops an evaluation indicator system for circular agriculture using an entropy method, and evaluates factors that could drive the Chinese agricultural industry to achieve better performance. We employ the method using provincial data collected from the province of Henan, in which around 10% of the total grain in China is produced. It was found that agricultural technology and water resources per capita are positively related to circular performance in agriculture. In contrast, urbanization and arable land per capita are negatively related to circular performance. This article provides support to the government in policy-making related to the improvement of circular agricultural performance.
Biao Li; Yunting Feng; Xiqiang Xia; Mengjie Feng. Evaluation of China’s Circular Agriculture Performance and Analysis of the Driving Factors. Sustainability 2021, 13, 1643 .
AMA StyleBiao Li, Yunting Feng, Xiqiang Xia, Mengjie Feng. Evaluation of China’s Circular Agriculture Performance and Analysis of the Driving Factors. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (4):1643.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBiao Li; Yunting Feng; Xiqiang Xia; Mengjie Feng. 2021. "Evaluation of China’s Circular Agriculture Performance and Analysis of the Driving Factors." Sustainability 13, no. 4: 1643.
Real estate industry is related to the national economy and people's livelihood,characterized by a high degree of financial intensity. The enterprises in this industry need certain financial ability and large shareholder controlling ability to support their survival. However,due to the multiple adverse impacts of current state policies,banks and private capital,the credit crunch,the sudden decrease in withdrawn funds and the limitation of internal financing,the problem of capital restraint of real estate enterprises has become more and more serious. From the perspective of corporate governance,this paper studies the interaction among financial constraints,ownership concentration and corporate performance under different shareholding states by analyzing the quantitative characteristics of equity structure,and looks for the appropriate range of the largest shareholder holding ratio,which has considered the financial performance and risk. It is found that raising the ownership concentration can effectively ease the financing constraints and improve the performance of enterprises,both of which are significant under the state of high ownership concentration, while the financial constraints play a significant intermediary effect under the State of absolute holding, while in the decentralized state of ownership,there is a significant regulatory effect,and the interaction of the three will be different due to the size of the enterprise.
Lipai Zhang; Wenling Yu; Xiqiang Xia. The Interaction Between the Largest Shareholder and Firm Performance Under the Heterogeneity of Holding- Regulation and Intermediary Effect of Financing Constraints. 2020, 1 .
AMA StyleLipai Zhang, Wenling Yu, Xiqiang Xia. The Interaction Between the Largest Shareholder and Firm Performance Under the Heterogeneity of Holding- Regulation and Intermediary Effect of Financing Constraints. . 2020; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLipai Zhang; Wenling Yu; Xiqiang Xia. 2020. "The Interaction Between the Largest Shareholder and Firm Performance Under the Heterogeneity of Holding- Regulation and Intermediary Effect of Financing Constraints." , no. : 1.
The agricultural economy, as an integral branch of the global economy, covering the whole supply chain of agricultural production including cultivation, processing, distribution and consumption, is of great importance to realizing a sustainable circular economy and ecological development. As a traditional agricultural country, China has experienced a series of problems such as a serious waste of resources and a fragile ecological environment during its agricultural economic development. With the background of “the Belt and Road Initiative”, major progress has been witnessed in both ecological development and agricultural circular economy in China. However, the development of circular agriculture in China has to deal with barriers from different stakeholders. This research identifies critical barriers for the government, farmers, and the enterprises to develop circular agriculture. The causal factors, effect factors, and the center of factors are identified and the correlation between the barriers is described using the Gray-DEMATEL method. Based on the analysis results, several policy suggestions are proposed for the government. This paper provides a feasible framework for decision-making to support the development of a sustainable circular economy in agriculture in China.
Xiqiang Xia; Junhu Ruan. Analyzing Barriers for Developing a Sustainable Circular Economy in Agriculture in China Using Grey-DEMATEL Approach. Sustainability 2020, 12, 6358 .
AMA StyleXiqiang Xia, Junhu Ruan. Analyzing Barriers for Developing a Sustainable Circular Economy in Agriculture in China Using Grey-DEMATEL Approach. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (16):6358.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXiqiang Xia; Junhu Ruan. 2020. "Analyzing Barriers for Developing a Sustainable Circular Economy in Agriculture in China Using Grey-DEMATEL Approach." Sustainability 12, no. 16: 6358.
Remanufacturing could effectively solve resource shortage and environment crisis and achieve sustainable development of the economy. The original equipment manufacturer (OEM) could not only focus on its core business (i.e., producing new products), but also get profit from remanufacturing through the intellectual property rights. Based on the authorized remanufacturing, the game model between a manufacturer and a remanufacturer was constructed. Based on the game model, the impact of authorized remanufacturing on sustainable remanufacturing is analysed, and the coordination mechanism between manufacturer and remanufacturer is given. The main results are as follows: the OEM could increase its profit and change its unfavourable market competition status by authorizing remanufacturing; a franchise contract could make the sustainability supply chain optimized; when the ratio of the environment effect is greater than a certain threshold, centralized decision-making could not only increase the supply chain revenue, but also reduce the impact on the environment.
Xiqiang Xia; Cuixia Zhang. The Impact of Authorized Remanufacturing on Sustainable Remanufacturing. Processes 2019, 7, 663 .
AMA StyleXiqiang Xia, Cuixia Zhang. The Impact of Authorized Remanufacturing on Sustainable Remanufacturing. Processes. 2019; 7 (10):663.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXiqiang Xia; Cuixia Zhang. 2019. "The Impact of Authorized Remanufacturing on Sustainable Remanufacturing." Processes 7, no. 10: 663.
A differential game model is established to analyze the impact of emissions reduction efforts and low-carbon product promotion on the reduction strategies of low-carbon product manufacturers (subsequently referred to as manufacturers) and the retailers of such products in a dynamic environment. Based on this model, changes in emissions reduction efforts and promotional efforts are comparatively analyzed under three scenarios (retailers bearing the promotional cost, manufacturers bearing the promotional cost, and centralized decision-making). The results are as follows: (1) the trajectory of carbon emissions reduction per product unit is the highest when the supply chain is under centralized decision-making, followed by when manufacturers bear the promotional cost, and lastly when retailers bear the cost; (2) when manufacturers bear the promotional cost, the market demand, emissions reduction effort, and promotional effort are higher, although the unit retail price is higher than when retailers bear the promotional cost; and (3) under centralized decision-making, the unit retail price is the lowest; however, sales volume, the emissions reduction effort, and the promotional effort are all higher than those in the other scenarios.
Xiqiang Xia; Junhu Ruan; Zhiru Juan; Yan Shi; Xuping Wang; Felix T. S. Chan. Upstream-Downstream Joint Carbon Reduction Strategies Based on Low-Carbon Promotion. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2018, 15, 1351 .
AMA StyleXiqiang Xia, Junhu Ruan, Zhiru Juan, Yan Shi, Xuping Wang, Felix T. S. Chan. Upstream-Downstream Joint Carbon Reduction Strategies Based on Low-Carbon Promotion. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15 (7):1351.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXiqiang Xia; Junhu Ruan; Zhiru Juan; Yan Shi; Xuping Wang; Felix T. S. Chan. 2018. "Upstream-Downstream Joint Carbon Reduction Strategies Based on Low-Carbon Promotion." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 7: 1351.