Pogostemon cablin (Patchouli), an essential medicinal plant in the Lamiaceae family, faces significant challenges under continuous cropping (CC) obstacles. This study examined the rhizospheric soil bacterial communities of patchouli under four different CC years, zero (CK), one (T1), two (T2), and three (T3) years through high-throughput 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Results showed long-term CC led to significant soil properties and enzyme activity shifts. Key parameters such as soil pH and total potassium (TK) decreased, while ammonium nitrogen (NH₄⁺–N), soil organic carbon (SOC), nitrate nitrogen (NO₃⁻–N), available potassium (AK), available phosphorus (AP), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) increased over the cropping years. Enzyme activities, including ß-glucosidase (ß-GC), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), catalase (CAT), N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), and leucine aminopeptidase (LAP), were notably affected. The CC altered the bacterial community structure and composition, reducing the relative abundance of Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Planctomycetota over time. These findings highlight the impact of CC on patchouli rhizosphere bacteria, providing insights for improved soil management and fertilization strategies in CC systems.