Background/Objectives: Selenium is indispensable for human health, yet vast regions worldwide grapple with selenium-deficient soils, rendering dietary intake a critical avenue for supplementation. This narrative review aims to systematically examine and compare domestic and international regulations and standards related to selenium enrichment, providing insights to enhance regulatory frameworks and standardization within the selenium-enrichment industry. Methods: From June to September 2024, we conducted a comprehensive search of official websites belonging to international organizations (e.g., Codex Alimentarius Commission, European Union) and governmental agencies of countries such as China and the United States. Keywords, like “selenium enrichment”, “selenium standards”, and “selenium detection methods”, were employed to identify pertinent regulations, standards, and guidelines encompassing intake benchmarks, detection methodologies, product specifications, technical guidelines for production, labeling requirements, and certification management norms. Results: Our analysis reveals several challenges within the current selenium-enriched regulatory and standardization systems, including inconsistent product determination criteria and limit settings, incomplete technical guidelines for selenium-enriched agricultural production, and a lack of unified regulations for labeling selenium-enriched agricultural products. Conclusions: These findings underscore the need for harmonization of standards and enhanced regulatory oversight. To address these issues, we recommend bolstering safety risk assessments for selenium-enriched agricultural products, establishing and refining a comprehensive standard system for selenium-enriched agriculture, and intensifying quality and safety supervision. This study offers a valuable reference for policymakers and stakeholders to promote the sustainable development of the selenium-enrichment industry.

Saline soils, as a special class of soil types, have unique physicochemical properties that have far-reaching effects on crop growth and quality characteristics. In order to better develop saline soils as a reserve resource, it is particularly important to exploit the potential of saline crops. Peanut, as one of the important crops in saline soils, can have different quality characteristics depending on the differences in soil salinity and alkalinity, as well as growing conditions. In this study, we compared the nutritional quality and functional composition of five peanut varieties grown in coastal saline soils, with the same varieties grown in non-saline soils in similar areas. The results showed significant differences ($p<0.05$) between saline and non-saline peanuts in the contents of ash, zinc, phosphorus, $\beta$-VE, Cis-11-eicosatetraenoic acid, palmitoleic acid, linolenic acid, and total antioxidant removal capacity, whereby the former was higher than the latter by 0.12 g/100 g, 4.1 mg/kg, 321 mg/kg, 8.98 μg/g, 0.36%, 0.01%, and 0.01%, respectively, and the total antioxidant capacity was lower than that of the latter by 9.18 $\mathsf{\mu }$g Trolxo/g of fresh weight. Sodium element and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity contents were extremely significantly ($p<0.01$) different in peanuts grown in both land types, where the former was higher than the latter by 261.9 mg/kg and 285 U/g, respectively. Water, fat, protein, calcium, copper, iron, potassium, magnesium, manganese, Vc, $\alpha$-VE, total VE, VB3, 5-methyl-tetrahydrofolate, 5-formyl-tetrahydrofolate, total phenols, total flavonoids, ABTS free radical scavenging capacity, DPPH free radical scavenging capacity, fatty acids (except for Cis-11-eicosapentaenoic acid, palmitoleic acid, and linolenic acid), phytosterols, and guanines showed no significant differences ($p<0.01$). To sum up, the origin and soil environment have an effect on the quality of peanuts. These results also provide a scientific basis for the quality assessment of peanuts in saline soil.

Background: Although flaxseed oil shows potential health benefits, there is a significant gap between preclinical studies (animal/in vitro) and actual effects in humans. The health benefits of flaxseed oil for humans remain unclear. Objective: This article seeks to precisely identify the health benefits of flaxseed oil by evaluating the scientific evidence from human trials on flaxseed oil. Methods: According to the gradation method of a human-centric evidence body, 13 articles were ultimately selected as evaluation evidence after applying inclusion/exclusion criteria to the 2148 papers retrieved from scholarly databases. Results: The evaluation results of the evidence body on inflammatory cytokines, blood pressure, insulin sensitivity, and blood lipid are all B. Additionally, the influences of flaxseed oil consumption on waist circumstance, mood, and cognition are still unclear. Conclusions: The results reveal that flaxseed oil intervention significantly decreases inflammatory cytokines, blood pressure, and insulin sensitivity, but does not affect blood lipid improvement. Meanwhile, the effect of flaxseed oil intervention on waist circumstance, mood, and cognition need more human trials to determine.

Background/Objectives: Different beverages may vary in their effectiveness at quenching thirst. This study aims to explore the impact of pre-exercise consumption of different types of beverages on thirst relief, providing scientific evidence to guide the selection of the most suitable beverage type. Methods: A randomized crossover design was used, recruiting 13 healthy male college students as participants. Each participant completed five exercise trials, with a 7-day interval between trials. In random order, participants consumed 6 mL/kg body weight of water, carbonated beverage, juice, electrolyte drink, or tea before exercise in each trial. Blood, saliva, and urine samples were collected before and after exercise; body weight was measured, and thirst sensation was recorded. Results: Body weight significantly decreased in all groups post-exercise (p < 0.05), with no significant differences between the beverage groups (p > 0.05). Post-exercise, serum Na⁺ concentrations significantly decreased in all beverage groups, with the electrolyte drink group showing a significantly different change compared to the other groups (p < 0.05). Serum K⁺ concentrations significantly increased post-exercise only in the electrolyte drink group (p < 0.05). No consistent trend was observed in the changes in serum Ca²⁺ concentrations before and after exercise. Serum Cl⁻ concentrations post-exercise were significantly lower than pre-exercise in all groups except the electrolyte drink group (Group E) (p < 0.05). All five hydration protocols resulted in a decrease in plasma volume. There was no consistent pattern in the changes in urine osmolality before and after exercise. Salivary osmolality significantly increased post-exercise in all groups (p < 0.05). In terms of subjective thirst, the water supplementation group had the highest score. Conclusions: This study indicates that electrolyte drinks are more effective in maintaining physiological balance, while water is most effective in alleviating subjective thirst. The impact of different beverages on subjective thirst did not fully align with changes in physiological markers, suggesting that future research should comprehensively evaluate the relationship between subjective sensations and physiological changes.