The spread of COVID-19 in Peru resulted in the declaration of a national health emergency, in which Indigenous peoples were identified as being particularly vulnerable due to their pre-existing poor health indicators and disadvantaged social conditions. The aim of this paper is to examine how the Peruvian government responded to the health and food needs of the Shawi and Ashaninka Indigenous peoples of Peru during the first 18 months of the pandemic (March 2020–August 2021). This study uses both official policy documents and real-world experiences to evaluate policy responses in terms of their immediate impact and their longer-term sustainability and contribution to the improvement of health, well-being and justice for Indigenous communities. Four health and food security responses were evaluated: the Amazon Health Plan and Indigenous Command; food aid; cash aid; and COVID-19 vaccination. We employed the Multidimensional Injustice Framework to analyse the justice implications of the design and implementation of responses. Data collection included 71 interviews with government officials (n = 7), Indigenous leaders (n = 31) and community members (n = 33). The results show how national and regional governments released policies to address the health and food needs of Indigenous peoples directly or indirectly, as part of a broader focus on vulnerable people. However, justice implications were not sufficiently addressed in the design or implementation of the responses. On the distributive dimension, Indigenous communities were prioritized to receive health goods and services, nevertheless, the distribution had shortcomings that impeded their collection and Indigenous food systems and livelihoods were largely overlooked. On the procedural dimension, Indigenous representatives were included to provide culturally sensitive feedback on health interventions, but without funding, and furthermore, the community members had only passive participation. This paper points out the importance of considering and addressing justice implications for more effective and fairer health and food policy responses to current and future health crises.

One of the most critical impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic was on food security. Food insecurity increased in many communities, with some showing signs of resilience through autonomously creating community kitchens that enhanced food security and built support networks. These initiatives filled gaps left by government programmes and provided a critical lifeline for vulnerable communities during the pandemic, fostering community solidarity. This paper aims to investigate the experiences and perceptions of community kitchen managers in addressing food insecurity during the COVID-19 pandemic by using a town in South Africa in 2020–2022 as a case study. Using arts-based participatory approaches, researchers interviewed 11 community kitchen managers representing 10 community kitchens in four sessions between June and November 2021. The results showed that a lack of jobs and food insecurity were identified as the main threats, whereas COVID-19 was not even identified as a threat by all of the community kitchen managers. Lacking support from the local government, these initiatives depended on individuals and community-based organisations for backing. However, this support decreased in 2021 and 2022, raising concerns about the sustainability of these efforts.

Most climate‐resilience health interventions are designed at the global level, with minimal attention to Indigenous communities' needs. The lack of consideration can lead to unintended harm and exacerbate health risks. This study aims to identify the capacities of Indigenous communities that can serve as transformative pathways in safely adopting global climate‐resilient health approaches within Indigenous contexts, ensuring the aims of the Sustainable Development Goals, such as Good Health and Well‐being (SDG3) and Reduced Inequalities (SDG 10). The World Health Organization's climate‐resilient health systems approach was used as a starting point to identify the transformative pathways. We collaborated with the Indigenous Peoples' Observatory Network (IPON) and conducted key informant interviews ( n = 17) with partners who maintain ongoing collaborations with Indigenous communities across 11 countries: Australia, Canada, Fiji, Ghana, India, Kyrgyzstan, Namibia, Peru, South Africa, Sri Lanka, and Uganda. The interview process was guided by two objectives: (i) to identify and examine how transformative pathways contribute to climate‐resilient health systems and (ii) to provide recommendations for strengthening transformative pathways based on key informants' insights. We identified five transformative pathways to support the resilience of health systems to climate change risks: (i) government‐community interactions, (ii) traditional medicine and spiritual beliefs, (iii) experience‐based practices, (iv) community‐based collective actions, and (v) community‐based policies. Based on the key informant interviews, we provide three recommendations to enhance the identified transformative pathways: (i) Indigenous mentorship in knowledge, health education, and research, (ii) identify opportunities to develop an Indigenous inclusive health workforce, and (iii) enhance indigeneity in health policies.