The resonant-state expansion (RSE), a rigorous perturbative method in electrodynamics, is developed for three-dimensional open optical systems. Results are presented using the analytically solvable homogeneous dielectric sphere as unperturbed system. Since any perturbation which breaks the spherical symmetry mixes transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) modes, the RSE is extended here to include TM modes and a zero-frequency pole of the Green's function. We demonstrate the validity of the RSE for TM modes by verifying its convergence towards the exact result for a homogeneous perturbation of the sphere. We then apply the RSE to calculate the modes for a selection of perturbations sequentially reducing the remaining symmetry, given by a change of the dielectric constant of half-sphere and quarter-sphere shape. Since no exact solutions are known for these perturbations, we verify the RSE results by comparing them with the results of state of the art finite element method (FEM) and finite difference in time domain (FDTD) solvers. We find that for the selected perturbations, the RSE provides a significantly higher accuracy than the FEM and FDTD for a given computational effort, demonstrating its potential to supersede presently used methods. We furthermore show that in contrast to presently used methods, the RSE is able to determine the perturbation of a selected group of modes by using a limited basis local to these modes, which can further reduce the computational effort by orders of magnitude.

The resonant state expansion (RSE), a rigorous perturbative method in electrodynamics, is applied to two-dimensional open optical systems. The analytically solvable homogeneous dielectric cylinder is used as an unperturbed system, and its Green's function is shown to contain a cut in the complex frequency plane, which is included in the RSE basis. The complex eigenfrequencies of modes are calculated using the RSE for a selection of perturbations which mix unperturbed modes of different orbital momentum, such as half-cylinder, thin-film, and thin-wire perturbation, demonstrating the accuracy and convergency of the method. The resonant states for the thin-wire perturbation are shown to reproduce an approximative analytical solution.

The resonant-state expansion, a recently developed method in electrodynamics, is generalized here to planar open optical systems with non-normal incidence of light. The method is illustrated and verified on exactly solvable examples, such as a dielectric slab and a Bragg reflector microcavity, for which explicit analytic formulas are obtained. This comparison demonstrates the accuracy and convergence of the method. Interestingly, the spectral analysis of a dielectric slab, in terms of resonant states, reveals an influence of waveguide modes in the transmission. These modes, which on-resonance do not couple to external light, surprisingly do couple to external light for off-resonant excitation.

The resonant-state expansion (RSE), a rigorous perturbation theory of the Brillouin-Wigner type recently developed in electrodynamics[E. A. Muljarov, W. Langbein, and R. Zimmermann, Europhys. Lett. 92, 50010 (2010)], is applied to planar, effectively one-dimensional optical systems, such as layered dielectric slabs and Bragg reflector microcavities. It is demonstrated that the RSE converges with a power law in the basis size. Algorithms for error estimation and their reduction by extrapolation are presented and evaluated. Complex eigenfrequencies, electromagnetic fields, and the Green's function of a selection of optical systems are calculated, as well as the observable transmission spectra. In particular, we find that for a Bragg-mirror microcavity, which has sharp resonances in the spectrum, the transmission calculated using the RSE reproduces the result of the transfer- or scattering-matrix method.

The Born approximation (Born 1926 Z. Phys. 38 802) is a fundamental result in physics, it allows the calculation of weak scattering via the Fourier transform of the scattering potential. As was done by previous authors (Ge et al 2014 New J. Phys. 16 113048) the Born approximation is extended by including in the formula the resonant-states (RSs) of the scatterer. However in this study unlike previous studies the included eigen-modes are correctly normalised with dramatic positive consequences for the accuracy of the method. The normalisation of RSs used in the previous RS expansion Born approximation or resonant-state expansion (RSE) Born approximation made in Ge et al (2014 New J. Phys. 16 113048) has been shown to be numerically unstable in Muljarov et al (2014 arXiv:1409.6877) and by analytics here. The RSs of the system can be calculated using my recently discovered RSE perturbation theory for dispersive electrodynamic scatterers (Muljarov et al 2010 Europhys. Lett. 92 50010; Doost et al 2012 Phys. Rev. A 85 023835; Doost et al 2013 Phys. Rev. A 87 043827; Armitage et al 2014 Phys. Rev. A 89; Doost et al 2014 Phys. Rev. A 90 013834) and normalised correctly to appear in spectral Green's functions and hence the RSE Born approximation via the flux-volume normalisation which I recently rigorously derived in Armitage et al (2014 Phys. Rev. A 89), Doost et al (2014 Phys. Rev. A 90 013834), Doost (2016 Phys. Rev. A 93 023835). In the case of effectively one-dimensional systems I find a RSE Born approximation alternative to the scattering matrix method.

The resonant-state-expansion (RSE) Born approximation, a rigorous perturbative method developed for electrodynamic and quantum mechanical open systems, is further developed to treat waveguides with a Sellmeier dispersion. For media that can be described by these types of dispersion over the relevant frequency range, such as optical glass, I show that the the perturbed RSE problem can be solved by diagonalizing a second-order eigenvalue problem. In the case of a single resonance at zero frequency, this is simplified to a generalized eigenvalue problem. Results are presented using analytically solvable planar waveguides and parameters of borosilicate BK7 glass, for a perturbation in the waveguide width. The efficiency of using either an exact dispersion over all frequencies or an approximate dispersion over a narrow frequency range is compared. I included a derivation of the RSE Born approximation for waveguides to make use of the resonances calculated by the RSE.