Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) is an important transcription factor that induces the expression of antiviral genes and viral genes. NF-κB activation needs the activation of NF-κB upstream molecules, which include receptors, adaptor proteins, NF-κB (IκB) kinases (IKKs), IκBα, and NF-κB dimer p50/p65. To survive, viruses have evolved the capacity to utilize various strategies that inhibit NF-κB activity, including targeting receptors, adaptor proteins, IKKs, IκBα, and p50/p65. To inhibit NF-κB activation, viruses encode several specific NF-κB inhibitors, including NS3/4, 3C and 3C-like proteases, viral deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs), phosphodegron-like (PDL) motifs, viral protein phosphatase (PPase)-binding proteins, and small hydrophobic (SH) proteins. Finally, we briefly describe the immune evasion mechanism of human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) by inhibiting NF-κB activity in productive and latent infections. This paper reviews a viral mechanism of immune evasion that involves the suppression of NF-κB activation to provide new insights into and references for the control and prevention of viral diseases.

To remove antibiotics from waste water, an alkali active porous biochar, 850BC, was prepared from corncob xylose residue. In preparation, NaOH dipping was used for silicon removal and KOH activation was operated at 850℃. Further characterization containing BET, SEM, and FTIR were confirmed. 850BC possessed a huge specific surface area of 3043 m²·g⁻¹, developed pore structure and abundant oxygen functional groups. The adsorption performance of sulfamethoxazole on 850BC was quick and efficient, and the adsorption capacity reached 1429 mg·g⁻¹, which was significantly higher than other adsorbents reported previously. While pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir model could better describe the adsorption, chemisorption dominated the SMX adsorption onto 850BC. In virtue of pore-filling and π–π interaction as major mechanism, a large surface area and rich oxygen-containing functional groups led to an excellent adsorption performance. Thus, this preparation method provided a biochar-based adsorbent with enhanced specific surface for efficient removal of antibiotic pollutants. Graphical Abstract

The increasing prevalence of short-chain per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) poses significant challenges for urban water systems (UWS) due to their persistence, high mobility, and widespread occurrence. This study provides a comprehensive assessment of the occurrence, environmental transport, influencing factors, removal efficiency, and human health risks of PFASs across UWS impacted by industrial activities. Regulatory restrictions on long-chain PFASs have led to their replacement with short-chain analogues, resulting in their dominance in effluents from manufacturing plant parks (MPPs), with concentrations ranging from 30.28 to 3738.51 ng/L (mean: 557.68 ± 1072.03 ng/L). Wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) serve as both sources and sinks of PFASs, with a negative average removal efficiency (-47.4 %) and an estimated annual discharge of 12.29 kg of PFASs into the environment. Downstream of WWTP, PFASs concentrations in rivers decrease exponentially due to dilution and sediment partitioning; however, short-chain PFASs persist over long distances due to their high aqueous mobility. While the detected PFAS levels in rivers pose low health risks to humans, they present low to medium ecological risks to aquatic organisms, particularly algae, invertebrates, and fish. Advanced statistical analyses using piecewise structural equation modeling (piecewiseSEM) and co-occurrence network analysis (CNA) identified key environmental drivers of PFASs behavior, including heavy metals (effect size: 0.70), nutrient levels (0.36), and physicochemical parameters (-0.52). Furthermore, drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) demonstrated limited removal efficiency, with tap water concentrations ranging from 27.95 to 84.72 ng/L, exceeding the regulatory limits set by the US EPA (2022) (PFOA: 0.004 ng/L, PFOS: 0.02 ng/L) and Health Canada (Σ₂₅PFAS: 30 ng/L). These findings underscore the urgent need for enhanced regulations, the development of sustainable alternatives, and the implementation of advanced treatment technologies to mitigate the environmental and public health risks associated with short-chain PFASs.