High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) has become a prominent exercise modality known for its efficiency and effectiveness in improving various health outcomes. This review critically examines the positive and negative health aspects of HIIT, focusing on its impact on cardiovascular health, metabolic function, weight management, psychological well-being, and life expectancy. Evidence suggests that HIIT significantly enhances cardiovascular health by improving VO2 max, reducing blood pressure, and enhancing endothelial function. Metabolically, HIIT improves insulin sensitivity, glucose metabolism, and lipid profiles, while effectively reducing visceral fat and enhancing mitochondrial function. In terms of weight management, HIIT promotes fat loss and muscle maintenance, contributing to favorable body composition. Psychologically, HIIT has been shown to reduce symptoms of anxiety and depression, improve cognitive function, and enhance overall mental health. It has also a positive effect on chronic pain conditions. Emerging studies indicate that HIIT may reduce mortality risk and extend life expectancy by improving cardiovascular and metabolic health. Despite these benefits, HIIT also presents risks such as a higher incidence of musculoskeletal injuries, potential adverse cardiac events in high-risk individuals, and the risk of overtraining and burnout. Special populations, including older adults, children, adolescents, and individuals with chronic conditions, can benefit from HIIT, but modifications and precautions are necessary to ensure safety and effectiveness. The review underscores the importance of individualized HIIT program design, thorough assessment, and continuous monitoring to maximize benefits while minimizing risks. Future research should focus on long-term effects, optimal protocols for diverse populations, and personalized HIIT approaches to enhance safety and efficacy.

Introduction: Ozempic (semaglutide) is a long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonist widely used to treat type II diabetes and obesity. Its mechanism of action includes stimulation of insulin secretion, inhibition of glucagon secretion, and delaying gastric emptying, which leads to lower blood glucose levels and body weight reduction. Despite its therapeutic benefits, the use of Ozempic may cause side effects that affect patients' quality of life and their ability to continue treatment. This article aims to comprehensively analyze side effects associated with using Ozempic to provide a detailed understanding of their development mechanisms and their impact on patient's daily functioning.Material and Methods of Research: The literature was collected through searches in the PubMed and Google Scholar databases and references from the initially retrieved articles. Results: The literature review indicates various potential side effects of liraglutide, including gastrointestinal upset, pancreatitis, and the 'Ozempic face' phenomenon. This phenomenon, characterized by a skeletal facial appearance with deepened wrinkles, may result from the drug's impact on body composition and fat distribution, leading to a loss of subcutaneous fat in the face and a more pronounced appearance of underlying facial structures.Conclusion: Clinical studies highlight the need for continuous patient monitoring by healthcare providers to ensure the safe and effective use of Ozempic. Further education on a healthy lifestyle, diet, and physical activity is necessary to maintain the effects of drug therapy and prevent weight gain after treatment. Additional research on the long-term safety of GLP-1 is also crucial. Physicians should be aware of the potential risks and side effects associated with the use of Ozempic and should educate their patients to enable them to make informed decisions about their treatment.

The Valsalva maneuver, named after Antonio Maria Valsalva, is one of the vagal maneuvers. It is defined as a forced expiration against a closed glottis, leading to an increase in intrathoracic and intra-abdominal pressure. Over the years it has become a subject of interest to many clinical researchers who have comprehensively studied its physiology and clinical significance. As a result, the application of the Valsalva maneuver has expanded to become a versatile technique applied across a wide range of medical specialties as a diagnostic and therapeutic tool. Additionally, it has found its use in sport among athletes. The aim of this article is to present the current state of knowledge about the clinical significance of the Valsalva maneuver and show that this simple physiological technique described in the 18th century remains a valuable tool in modern clinical practice and has found its use in sport. The review was based on chosen literature obtained from the PubMed electronic database, Google Scholar electronic database, and other scientific articles. Search terms included keywords listed below. Keywords: Valsalva maneuver; vagal maneuver; respiratory maneuver; autonomic system

Surgeries and procedures in otolaryngology require close collaboration between anesthesiologists and ENT specialists, especially for operations involving the larynx and airways, which pose challenges for maintaining airway patency and visibility. Choosing the type of anesthesia, whether general or local, is crucial. This study examines the benefits and drawbacks of both types of anesthesia in tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy, tympanostomy and myringotomy, and flexible endoscopic biopsy of the pharynx and larynx. A review of current guidelines, systematic reviews and relevant clinical cohort studies was conducted. The findings highlight several advantages of local anesthesia, including shorter operation times, reduced hospital stays, lower costs, decreased use of analgesics, and improved patient comfort.

Background/Objectives: Hyponatremia is associated with increased mortality in the general hospital population. We sought to investigate whether hyponatremia affects the long-term survival of patients following a myocardial infarction (MI) in both ST-segment elevation (STEMI) and non-ST elevation (NSTEMI) presentations. Methods: In this study, 862 MI patients who were hospitalized between 2012 and 2017 were retrospectively followed-up within the median time period of 41.9 [28.2–73.5] months. All participants were assigned to a hyponatremic or normonatremic group with hyponatremia defined as a sodium level of less than 135 mEq/L on admission. Results: In the acute phase of an MI, hyponatremia was diagnosed in 31 (3.6%) patients. The patients with hyponatremia were less often male (38.7 vs. 70.4%, p < 0.001), and less frequently had Killip class I (63.3 vs. 80%) but more often had Killip class IV on admission (16.7 vs. 4.2%, p = 0.024) and more often had a history of impaired renal function (32.3 vs. 15.5%, p = 0.013) than those with normonatremia. Hyponatremic patients had higher troponin T levels on admission by 75.1% (p = 0.003), a higher isoenzyme MB of creatine kinase level by 34.4% (p = 0.006), and lower hemoglobin (by 8.5%, p = 0.001) levels as compared to the normonatremia group. Long-term mortality was significantly higher in the patients with hyponatremia versus normonatremia (18 [58.1%] vs. 243 [29.2%], log-rank p < 0.001). This was driven by differences in the NSTEMI population (65 vs. 30.5%, p < 0.001). By a Cox proportional hazard regression analysis, hyponatremia was associated with a higher long-term mortality (hazard ratio [HR] of 2.222, a 95% confidence interval [CI] of 1.309–3.773, and p = 0.003). Conclusions: Hyponatremia rarely identified in acute phase of MI was associated with higher long-term mortality, particularly in the NSTEMI population.

Hyperlipidemia is becoming more and more severe condition among modern society. High-fat diet, sedentary lifestyle, lack of physical activity are the common factors leading to overweight, obesity and problems with serum lipid control. Dyslipidemia is one of the most important agents contributing to cardiovascular diseases snd therefore lower quality of life, disability and preamature death. This forces to constatnt searching for lipid-lowering drugs, that can be successfully use in the patients suffering from poor lipid control. Bempedoic acid (ETC-1020) is one of the newest, first in the class medicine, firstly approved to use in the USA on 21st February 2020 in monotheraphy, and then on 26th February in combination with ezetimibe. It is a small synthetic prodrug molecule that is activated by acyl-CoA synthetase in the liver. Bempedoic acid inhibits competitively adenosine triphosphate citrate lyase (ACL) and as a result it stops the further production of cholesterol and fatty acids. Research shows the ability of ETC-1020 to decline of LDL-C cholesterol up to 24%. It is also responsible for total cholesterol, non-HDL-C, ApoB and hs-CRP reduction. Bempedoic acid is characterized by good pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. ECT-1020 has also a good drug-to-drug interaction profile. Many clinical trials have reported efficacy and safety of use with minimal side effects. Because of its target point is located in the liver and kidney, it can be successfully use in patients with statin intolerance due to bypassing decline of muscle cholesterol biosyntheisis, that is the main cause of musculosketelar adverse effects.