The management of wastewater generated by various sectors is a critical global challenge. Significant efforts have been made to ensure access to clean water and sanitation, facilitate the reuse of treated wastewater, and develop valuable products through the adoption of circular bioeconomy principles. Wastewater, a byproduct generated in substantial quantities across multiple industries, varies in composition depending on the type of industry and the specific applications for which the water was used. Wastewater from the agricultural and food industries is particularly rich in nutrients, making it a valuable substrate for microbial activity and the production of commercially significant products. This review highlights previous advancements in the utilization of agro-food wastewater for the generation of high-value products, thereby valorizing this abundant and readily available resource. Agro-food wastewater has been explored as a feedstock for the production of biofuels such as biogas, biohydrogen, and biodiesel. It has also been utilized in the development of biofertilizers to support agricultural productivity. Furthermore, it serves as a substrate for the production of single-cell protein and other protein-rich biomasses for human food supplementation and animal feed. In addition, agro-food wastewater exhibits significant potential for the synthesis of enzymes, fatty acids, and various other industrially relevant additives, underscoring its versatility and importance in sustainable industrial processes.