The use of synthetic insecticides is one of the most common strategies for controlling disease vectors such as mosquitos. However, their overuse can result in serious risks to human health, to the environment, as well as to the selection of insecticidal resistant insect strains. The development of efficient and eco-friendly insect control is urgent, and essential oils have been presented as potential alternatives to synthetic insecticides. Moreover, nanoencapsulation techniques can enhance their efficiency by protecting from degradation and providing a controlled release rate. We assessed the potential of chitosan nanoparticles in encapsulating Siparuna guianensis essential oil, and maintaining its efficiency and prolonging its activity for the control of Aedes aegypti larvae. The encapsulation was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), with an encapsulation efficiency ranging from 84.8% to 88.0%. Toxicity studies have demonstrated efficacy against mosquito larvae over 50% for 19 days with 100% mortality during the first week. This persistent action is presumably due to the enhanced contact and slow and maintained release conferred by chitosan nanoparticles. Furthermore, the exposure of aquatic non-target organisms (e.g. embryos and small adult fishes) revealed adequate selectivity of these nanoparticles. The encapsulation of S. guianensis essential oil in chitosan nanoparticles showed promising potential as a larvicide control alternative and should be considered within strategies for fighting Ae. aegypti. Numerous outbreaks of infectious diseases such as dengue, zika, and chikungunya in tropical countries have occurred where the mosquito Aedes aegypti is the transmitting vector. In Brazil, these infections are responsible for deaths and severe sequelae. Thus, many efforts have been made by governmental and research groups to control these outbreaks. However, complete success in this control has so far remained unachieved. Parallel to the need to develop new technologies that contribute to the control of insects that transmit diseases, there is a growing societal awareness regarding the risks associated with the use of synthetic insecticides, which has led to a search for natural alternatives such as essential oils from plants. Thus, our group conducted experiments to evaluate the application of nanotechnology in obtaining an efficient prolonged release system to combat Ae. aegypti larvae using the essential oil of a plant native to the Cerrado and Amazonian forests. These results demonstrate that using a simple and easily scalable encapsulation technique; it is possible to keep the low toxicity against non-target organism and prolong the activity of an essential oil in water and maintain larval mortality at a significant level for more than a week with a single application.