Phytosterols, a form of naturally occurring substance structurally related to cholesterol, have been getting considerable interest due to their possible anticancer property. They have multifactorial modes of action such as antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, and apoptotic, which render them useful in the prevention and treatment of prostate, breast, colon, bladder, and skin cancer. Phytosterol prevents cancer development by scavenging reactive oxidative species (ROS) and boosting antioxidant enzymes, thus inhibiting DNA damage and cell mutations that cause cancerous development. They also regulate important signal transduction processes such as NF‐kB, PI3K/Akt, and MAPK/ERK that drive cell growth, survival, and metastasis. Phytosterols induce apoptosis, block the cell cycle, and abrogate the invasion and metastasis of cancer cells, offering a multi‐manifestation treatment of cancer. Nevertheless, their clinical use is limited due to factors like low bioavailability, which can be overcome with research in nanotechnology and drug delivery schemes. However, based on preclinical and epidemiological studies, phytosterols can be used as a useful adjunctive component to cancer treatments. More studies are required to work out clinical testing and streamlined delivery to maximize their effectiveness in cancer treatment.

Cancer is emerging as a leading cause of death globally. Considering the disease burden, scientists are working to develop various strategies by exploring natural sources for cancer treatment. The use of olive oil (OO) and its phytochemicals, specifically oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol (HT), as a remedy against various types of cancer is gaining attention among scientists and researchers. The current review aimed to highlight the antioxidant potential and summarize the various pathways and markers involved in the prevention and treatment of different human cancers. The databases, including Google Scholar, PubMed, and Web of Science, were searched to collect relevant data. The studies showed that some markers are specifically linked to particular types of cancers (such as 27‐OHC, ATF‐2, TNFRSF10B, HER2, and MET, which are linked to breast cancer; iNOS and NO, which are linked to thyroid cancer; GLUT1 and GLUT4, HIF‐1α, MCT4, PKM2, PD‐1, PD‐L1, and CTLA‐4, which are linked to colorectal cancer). Olive oil is involved in the management of these markers to prevent and/or treat all types of cancers by upregulating tumor suppressor genes, downregulating oncogenes, and modulating different pathways (PI3K/AKT/mTOR, Wnt/β‐catenin, and MAPK). Taken together, it can be concluded that olive oil and its components have prominent potential to cure cancers in the human body. However, further investigations can be carried out to suggest the lethal doses of olive oils as a whole and its phytochemicals individually for the treatment of cancer.

With the advancement of scientific knowledge and global awareness, a trend of utilizing natural resources, such as herbal and medicinal plants, for disease prevention and treatment. Myristica fragrans from the Myristicaceae family offers various medicinal benefits. It is widely used as a culinary spice and has a long history in traditional medicine for its various therapeutic applications. This review highlights the current findings on the pharmacological potential of Myristica fragrans , focusing on its health benefits and applications. Scientific literature was explored using the ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and PubMed databases. The studies reported that it contains alkaloids, terpenoids, phenols, flavonoids, and glycosides, with myristicin, macelignan, safrole, and sabinene as prime bioactive components. M. fragrans exhibits antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, and anticancer properties by modulating various pathways like PI3K/Akt/mTOR, MAPK, and NF‐κB signaling Pathways and G0/G1 or G2/M phase arrest. Moreover, other compounds such as dehydrodiisoeugenol, malabaricone B and C, elemicins, have also shown strong antioxidant potential and enzyme inhibitory properties, which enhance insulin sensitivity, inhibit α‐glucosidase, reduce oxidative stress, and support neurocognitive function by inhibiting inflammatory cytokines (IL‐6, IL‐1β, and TNF‐α). At high doses, gastrointestinal and hepato‐renal adverse effects have been reported. However, with careful usage, it presents significant therapeutic potential. This article also focuses on industrial applications of M. fragrans as a medicine, a cosmetic agent, and in food for its aroma and functional properties. However, more clinical research is required to validate these findings and optimize effective and safe use in clinical applications.

Cassane diterpenoids are naturally occurring compounds, characterized mainly by molecular skeletons of three fused cyclohexane rings. They are predominantly isolated from the genus Caesalpinia (Fabaceae). Cassane diterpenoids possess various pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, cytotoxic, antiparasitic, antidiabetic, and neuroprotective effects. This work provides an update on the newly reported cassane diterpenoids from 2019 to 2025. In this work, cassane diterpenoids are categorized according to their carbon skeletons into usual tricyclic cassanes, tricyclic cassane with butanolide, cassane furanoditerpenoids, norcassanes, cassane ester amines, cassane amides, and penta-spiro cassanes. Their reported biological activities, together with biosynthetic pathways, isolation and purification, and structure–activity relationships, are discussed. A total of 238 compounds were discussed, and 55 references were listed. The reported findings expand the knowledge of chemical features and biological potential of cassane diterpenoids and support their further investigation as promising leads for drug discovery.

Hydrazone-containing compounds are a diverse group of bioactive compounds known for their unique chemical features and diverse biological activities. Natural hydrazone derivatives have been identified from various natural sources, including bacteria, plants, fungi, and marine organisms. This work provides a comprehensive review of published works on natural hydrazone derivatives, including their sources, structural features, and biological activity in the period from 1967 to March 2025. In this work, 72 compounds were reviewed, along with 75 references being cited. The reported findings in this work highlight the therapeutic potential of these compounds in pharmaceutical research and drug discovery.

Iron indices are pivotal in tuberculosis (TB) owing to their influence on pathogens and immune reactions. Iron indices substantially affect TB progression, resulting in inflammation and anemia. Tuberculosis can induce iron deficiency or excess that may result in compromised immunological function. This study examined the iron index hemoglobin (Hb), serum iron, ferritin, total iron binding capacity (TIBC), unsaturated iron binding capacity (UIBC), and transferrin saturation (TSAT) in PTB patients. Between January 2016 and December 2018, the Port Sudan Tuberculosis Diagnostic Center studied a cohort of 100 adult patients definitively diagnosed with PTB. Additionally, 100 healthy individuals of similar age and sex were chosen as controls for comparative analysis. Among the 100 PTB patients studied, 90% (90/100) had anemia, with an odds ratio of 0.923 (95% CI 0.82–1.04). Anemia of chronic disease (ACD) was the most prevalent type (37%, 31/90). The patients showed diminished levels of HB, serum iron, TIBC, and TSAT compared to the controls, except for ferritin levels. UIBC was higher in patients than in controls, but this difference was not statistically significant. The research concludes that iron metabolism is modified during tuberculosis infection. Consequently, anemia in PTB patients is primarily attributed to ACD rather than iron shortage. The indices of serum iron, TIBC, and UIBC were ineffective in distinguishing between the forms of anemia in PTB patients, as their levels fluctuated in response to the infection. Ferritin served as superior metric for distinguishing between anemia of chronic disease and iron deficiency anemia.