A proposed supplement to ASCE/SEI 41 Seismic Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings has been developed for the purpose of updating provisions related to existing reinforced concrete buildings. Based on experimental evidence and empirical models, the proposed supplement includes revisions to modeling parameters and acceptance criteria for reinforced concrete beams, columns, structural walls, beam‐column joints, and slab‐column frames. The revisions are expected to result in substantially more accurate and, in most cases, more liberal assessments of the structural capacity of concrete components in seismic retrofit projects.

The extraction of keywords is a critical task in natural language processing and information retrieval. It has become increasingly important in a wide range of applications, from search engines and e-commerce platforms to news and social media analysis. However, the evaluation of keyword extraction methods remains a challenging task due to the diverse range of data types and contexts used, as well as the complexity of the methodologies and techniques involved. In this regard, this study reviews the prior surveys on keyword extraction methods to comprehend the fundamental principles, difficulties in keyword extraction, and benchmark datasets. The reliability of evaluation techniques and an examination of their flaws remain two of the largest problems. Hence, this study includes the literature that performed a comparative analysis of popular keyword extraction methods. Furthermore, in this paper, we present a comparative evaluation of open-source unsupervised keyword extraction tools, analyzing their performance across a range of data types and under different testing conditions. The experimental analysis shows that, in terms of f-score, KPminer performs most consistently for different text lengths while KeyBERT(mmr) outperforms other tools. Considering the execution time, RAKE and YAKE are the fastest tools. Though graph-based tools tend not to perform well on long text, TopicRank and MultipartiteRank perform very well on long text as they use topics as nodes of the graph, which is another finding of this study. By highlighting the key factors that influence the performance of keyword extraction tools, our analysis contributes to directing the reader in selecting suitable keyword extraction tools for different applications.

Carbon-fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP)-overlay elements were developed with the purpose of enhancing the fatigue performance of welded connections in steel bridge girders. Fatigue tests of seven specimens, including four CFRP-strengthened specimens and three control specimens, were performed to quantify the effect of the CFRP overlays on the fatigue crack initiation lives of the welded connections. Results showed that bonding of CFRP overlays significantly reduced the stress demand on welded connections tested at high stress ranges, leading to a large increase in fatigue crack initiation life. The level of effectiveness of the CFRP-overlay elements in extending the fatigue crack initiation lives of the tested connections was found to be affected primarily by bond strength under cyclic loading; bond strength was found to be dependent on the composition and thickness of the resin layer used to bond the CFRP to the steel. With the AASHTO fatigue design curves as a frame of reference, it was found tha...

The effects of skew angle, cross-frame spacing, cross-frame layout, cross-frame stiffness, and load placement on the potential for distortion-induced fatigue damage in steel bridges was investigated by performing a suite of more than 1,000 analysis jobs of high-resolution three-dimensional finite-element models. Susceptibility to fatigue damage was quantified in terms of computed stress demand in the web gap region of the girders. Bridge configurations with three different cross-frame layouts were evaluated, including configurations with cross-frames placed parallel to skew angle (skewed-parallel) and perpendicular to the girder line, both staggered (skewed-staggered) and unstaggered (skewed-unstaggered). Skew angles of configurations evaluated ranged between 0 and 50°, and cross-frame spacing ranged from 2.29 to 9.14 m (7.50 to 30.0 ft). Influence and envelope surfaces were constructed to show the relationship between load placement, location of the maximum web gap stress, and the magnitude of th...

A series of experiments was carried out to investigate the behavior of columns with high-strength concrete subjected to shear reversals into the nonlinear range of response. The main experimental variables were loading history, axial load, and concrete strength. Columns measured 0.20×0.20m (8×8in.) in cross section and had shear span to depth ratios of 3.4. The transverse reinforcement ratio was 1%. Column behavior was closely related to the maximum strain that was measured in the stirrups during each loading cycle, which was affected by the displacement history and axial load applied to the specimens. The level of axial load had an increasingly adverse effect on the limiting drift of specimens subjected to axial loads larger than one half the balanced load, while the opposite effect was observed in specimens with lower values of axial load. Despite its apparent brittleness under axial compression, high-strength concrete was found to improve the toughness of reinforced concrete columns and extended the dr...