Background: The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted global dairy supply chains and threatened business continuity from farms to retail outlets. There is limited understanding of how operational-level managerial decisions supported resilience in this perishable sector. Methods: This study applies a systematic literature review based on PRISMA 2020 guidelines. It analyses 21 peer-reviewed studies published between 2019 and 2025 across 19 countries. Results: The findings identify 8 primary supply chain challenges. Adaptive responses are classified into traditional and innovative managerial adaptations. Traditional adaptations rely on established practices such as production adjustments, cross-training, and product reallocation to stabilise short-term performance. Innovative adaptations involve structural and analytical approaches such as network optimisation, digital coordination, and scenario planning to support long-term resilience. The results also reveal differences between developed and developing economies. Conclusions: Resilient dairy supply chains require both operational continuity and structural innovation. This study proposes a sector-specific classification of managerial adaptations and highlights directions for future research.

The Covid-19 pandemic has brought the importance of the supply chain of vaccines from the movement restrictions that have been imposed everywhere. Vaccination is simply one step in the fight against Covid-19. The procurement of the Covid-19 vaccine is a critical step in promoting herd immunity and reducing viral transmission. The implementation of any immunization program is seen as a problematic element as it depends on the vaccine supply chain. To achieve a specific percentage of the population vaccinated according to the vaccination program, it requires the timeliness of the vaccines delivered, since it has become a race for public health and economic recovery. As a result, prior to vaccinating the population, governments should establish a countrywide distribution plan based on careful observation of numerous factors to ensure the success and efficiency of the vaccination campaign, therefore, securing the distribution channel is a crucial step towards a successful vaccination program. This article compares the vaccine supply chain in Indonesia and Hungary. Needless to say, that both countries are not comparable in size, population, GDP, and many other aspects. However, the comparison is limited only on the supply chain mechanism to see its effectiveness. It is expected that the distribution of the vaccine in Hungary is simpler than Indonesia. This article is essentially about explanatory research, taking sources from existing literature and databases. The expected results explain the success and barrier factors affecting the streamlined distribution of COVID-19 vaccines in Indonesia and Hungary, and what we can learn from examples of these two countries.

The Covid-19 pandemic has brought the importance of the supply chain of vaccines from the movement restrictions that have been imposed everywhere. Vaccination is simply one step in the fight against Covid-19. The procurement of the Covid-19 vaccine is a critical step in promoting herd immunity and reducing viral transmission. The implementation of any immunization program is seen as a problematic element as it depends on the vaccine supply chain. To achieve a specific percentage of the population vaccinated according to the vaccination program, it requires the timeliness of the vaccines delivered, since it has become a race for public health and economic recovery. As a result, prior to vaccinating the population, governments should establish a countrywide distribution plan based on careful observation of numerous factors to ensure the success and efficiency of the vaccination campaign, therefore, securing the distribution channel is a crucial step towards a successful vaccination program. This article compares the vaccine supply chain in Indonesia and Hungary. Needless to say, that both countries are not comparable in size, population, GDP, and many other aspects. However, the comparison is limited only on the supply chain mechanism to see its effectiveness. It is expected that the distribution of the vaccine in Hungary is simpler than Indonesia. This article is essentially about explanatory research, taking sources from existing literature and databases. The expected results explain the success and barrier factors affecting the streamlined distribution of COVID-19 vaccines in Indonesia and Hungary, and what we can learn from examples of these two countries.