A liposome is one of the most commonly used encapsulation technology with proven benefits, including high biocompatibility and improved solubility, but efficacy may be compromised when used for oral delivery, including application in food. The latter is an unfortunate but manageable setback compared to its promising compatibility with various nutraceuticals regardless of their solubility, which would be greatly useful in functional food production. Oral delivery presents several challenges, specifically the harsh environment in the gastrointestinal tract with enzymatic activities and pH changes and limited permeability of compounds across intestinal epithelia. To overcome these challenges, various efforts have been made to modify and strengthen liposomes as oral carriers. In this review, a brief introduction to liposomes and the challenges faced in the gastrointestinal tract is provided. A review of the existing modification efforts done to liposomes was to increase their stability and permeability for oral delivery.

Fruit, as a source of antioxidants and phenolic compounds, is perishable. It also has an underutilized component. Fruit leather has a long shelf life in the form of thin sheets with a distinctive texture. This study aimed to investigate the effect of seaweed (Eucheuma cottonii) addition on the physicochemical and sensory quality of fruit leather made from the combination of red dragon fruit and watermelon rind. The physicochemical quality was characterized by measuring the critical quality parameters of fruit leathers, including proximate analysis, water activity, total phenol, antioxidant activity, texture, and organoleptic analysis. The statistical analysis of phenolic compound activity, antioxidant activity, vitamin C, moisture content, carbohydrates, and water activity (a_w) was conducted using a one-way ANOVA test, while the analysis of ash content, protein, fat, tensile strength, elongation, and organoleptic properties was performed using the Kruskal–Wallis test. Increasing seaweed concentration significantly increased moisture, ash, protein, vitamin C, total phenol, water activity, and elongation but decreased fat content. Furthermore, the increase in seaweed concentration reduced liking toward taste and color significantly but increased texture liking. The best product was the F2 product with 10% seaweed. F2 has the following attributes: 11.07% of moisture content, 2.34% of ash, 1.53% of protein, 0.19% of fat, 84.86% of carbohydrate, 8.17 mg/100 g of vitamin C, 0.41 of water activity, 0.54 N/m2 of tensile strength, 22.22% of elongation, 107.39 ppm of IC50, 1.66 mg/GAE g of total phenolics.

Latar Belakang: Batita dengan status gizi kurang memiliki risiko morbiditas dan mortalitas yang lebih tinggi. Pemberian Makanan Tambahan (PMT) Pemulihan yang terbuat dengan bahan-bahan bernilai gizi tinggi seperti labu kuning (Cucurbita moschata) dapat menjadi alternatif makanan yang baik. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk menganalisis perbedaan kandungan protein, asam amino, dan daya terima dari PMT-P berbasis labu kuning dengan tiga macam formulasi.Metode: Tiga macam formulasi—20% biji labu (A1); 25% biji labu (A2); 30% biji labu (A3) —diuji dalam eksperimen rancangan acak lengkap dengan tiga ulangan, kecuali untuk uji kandungan asam amino yang hanya dilakukan satu pengulangan. Kandungan protein diuji dengan metode Kjeldahl, di mana kandungan asam amino dianalisis dengan metode HPLC. Uji organoleptik dilakukan dengan uji hedonik berskala 5 pada 25 orang panelis. Perbedaan kandungan protein diuji dengan One Way ANOVA dan daya terima dianalisis dengan uji Kruskal-Wallis pada α = 5%. Sedangkan kandungan asam amino dianalisis secara deskriptif.Hasil: Kadar protein (% w/w) menunjukkan perbedaan signifikan antarformulasi (p = 0,000), dengan kandungan tertinggi pada formulasi A3 (13,87±0,30), diikuti dengan A2 (11,70±0,19) and A1 (9,63±0,23). Formulasi dengan kadar asam amino (% w/w) tertinggi secara keseluruhan adalah pada formulasi A3 (10,00), diikuti dengan A2 (8,65) dan A1 (7,39). Tingkat kesukaan tertinggi dari segi penampilan, warna, dan aroma ditemukan pada formulasi A1 (p = 0,007; 0,000; and 0,028). Simpulan: Formulasi PMT-P berbasis labu kuning dengan 30% biji labu kuning memiliki kandungan protein dan asam amino tertinggi, sedangkan PMT-P dengan 20% biji labu kuning memiliki tingkat kesukaan paling tinggi. Formulasi yang direkomendasikan untuk digunakan adalah formulasi A1.

Non-centrifugal cane sugar (NCS) is an unrefined dehydrated form of sugar syrup produced worldwide. To date, there is a lack of differentiation in the key nutrients and flavor qualities of NCS products among countries, which makes it difficult for interested parties to select NCSs suitable for their needs. This study aimed to evaluate the minerals and volatile organic components (VOCs) in NCS products from Japan and ASEAN countries. Mineral components were determined using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). VOCs and their aroma profiles were examined using gas chromatography–mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS) and MS-e-nose analyses, respectively. The total minerals content in Japanese NCSs ranged from 228.58 to 1347.53 mg/100 g, comprising K, Ca, Mg, P, and Na (69.1, 16.6, 7.9, 4.5, and 3.2%, respectively); their average total amounts were as high as those of Malaysia and Indonesia origins (962.87, 984.67, and 928.47 mg/100 g, respectively). Forty-four VOCs were identified, of which concentrations of pyrazines, furans, and pyranones varied significantly among the NCSs. Additionally, the MS-e-nose analysis provided a multivariate differentiation profile of the NCS products based on differences in the intensities of the VOC ion masses. Nine statistical clusters were presented, wherein certain NCS products of ASEAN origin had volatile profiles comparable to those of the Japanese products. These outcomes suggest that the origin of production greatly influences the mineral and VOC compositions of NCS, affecting their quality traits.