Two novel quaternary ammonium salts, bis-triazolium derivatives of fluconazole and pyridoxine, were synthesized by reaction of fluconazole with pyridoxine-based synthetic intermediates. The leading compound demonstrated pronounced antimycotic and antibacterialin vitroactivity, comparable to or exceeding that of the reference antifungal (fluconazole, terbinafine) and antibacterial/antiseptic (miramistin, benzalkonium chloride) agents. In contrast to many antimicrobials, the leading compound was also active against biofilm-embedded staphylococci andEscherichia coli. While no biofilm structure destruction occurred, all compounds were able to diffuse into the matrix and reduce the number of colony-forming units by three orders of magnitude at 16 × MBC. The leading compound was significantly less toxic than miramistin and benzalkonium chloride and more toxic than the reference antifungal drugs. The obtained results make the described chemotype a promising starting point for the development of new broad-spectrum antimicrobial therapies with powerful effect on fungal and bacterial pathogens including their biofilm-embedded forms.

Background: Sesquiterpene lactones are secondary plant metabolites with a wide variety of biological activities. The process of lactone conjugation to other pharmacophores can increase the efficacy and specificity of the conjugated agent effect on molecular targets in various diseases, including brain pathologies. Derivatives of biogenic indoles, including neurotransmitter serotonin, are of considerable interest as potential pharmacophores. Most of these compounds have neurotropic activity and, therefore, can be used in the synthesis of new drugs with neuroprotective properties. Aim: The aim of this experimental synthesis was to generate potential treatment agents for Alzheimer's disease using serotonin conjugated with natural sesquiterpene lactones. Methods: Three novel compounds were obtained via the Michael reaction and used for biological testing. The obtained conjugates demonstrated complex neuroprotective activities. Serotonin conjugated to isoalantolactone exhibited strong antioxidant and mitoprotective activities. Results: The agent was also found to inhibit β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE-1), prevent the aggregation of β-amyloid peptide 1-42, and protect SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells from neurotoxins such as glutamate and H2O2. In a transgenic animal model of Alzheimer's disease (5xFAD line), the conjugated agent restored declined cognitive functions and improved learning and memory. Conclusion: In conclusion, the obtained results indicate that serotonin conjugates to sesquiterpene lactones are promising agents for the treatment of symptoms associated with Alzheimer's disease.

The review considers new quaternary ammonium compounds based on pyridoxine derivatives, which were obtained and studied in 2013–2023 at the Research and Educational Center for Pharmacy of the Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University. Four structurally related classes of compounds are discussed, including mono- and bis-ammonium derivatives of pyridoxine, pyridoxine derivatives with cleavable linkers bearing an ammonium moiety, and ammonium derivatives of the unnatural pyridoxine mimetic, 3-hydroxypyridine. Synthetic schemes, biological properties, and key structure–activity relationships of the target structural series are described. For the lead-compounds belonging to specific structural chemotypes, a comprehensive profile of pharmacological properties is described, including antibacterial activity against a wide panel of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains including clinical isolates; in vitro and in vivo toxicity; influence on the development of drug resistance. The mechanisms of action of the considered compounds as well as the prospects for their practical use are discussed.

Synthesis of β-hydroxysulfides of 1,3-dioxepane series and their further functionalization were performed. Chiral β-hydroxysulfides were separated into enantiomers using enzymatic acylation by lipase PS. Study of antifungal activity of the obtained compounds showed that some enantiomerically pure 6-arylthio-1,3-dioxepan-5-ols represent promising antifungal drug candidates.

Background: GLP-1 receptor peptide agonists have revolutionized type 2 di-abetes mellitus and obesity treatment, primarily through injection-based therapies. Small-molecule GLP-1 receptor agonists allow oral administration, but none are clini-cally established. Pfizer's danuglipron and lotiglipron, presented in 2018-2019, were "first-in-class" drug candidates, becoming prototypes for "next-in-class" drug develop-ment. Objective: This review summarizes "next-in-class" GLP-1 receptor agonists developed, identifying different relationships between the molecular structure and functional activi-ty of agonists. Methods: Patents containing danuglipron- and lotiglipron-like agonists from January 2021 to July 2024 were browsed in databases, such as Espacenet and Google Patents, using specified keywords. Over 5,000 compounds from 67 patent publications were an-alyzed. Results: Our analysis identified some key general SAR trends. The presence of a car-boxyl group leads to highly active agonists, but replacing it with bioisosteric analogs may improve the ADME profile of the target compounds. The introduction of specific privileged fragments, as well as the replacement of 1H-benzo[d]imidazole nucleus or (S)-oxetan-2-ylmethyl substituent in the prototype structure with bioisosteric heterocy-cles, may be viable approaches. The replacement of 1,4-disubstituted piperidine linked with its (S)-2-methyl-substituted homologue or O, N-disubstituted piperidin-4-ol may also result in highly potent agonists. Additionally, the classic 2,4-EWG-disubstituted benzyl alcohol residue allows significant variability. Conclusion: Despite the limited clinical success of danuglipron and lotiglipron, as well as the inherent problems associated with the complex nature of GLP-1R signaling, the current state of research and the abundance of novel, promising chemotypes of highly potent compounds suggest that approved GLP-1R agonists may emerge in the coming years.

The KRAS protein is one of the key targets in cancer therapy. The clinical application of covalent KRAS inhibitors (sotorasib, adagrasib) is limited to the treatment of only certain KRASG12C-mediated types of cancer. In addition, using covalent inhibitors has several drawbacks, the main ones being limited to specific mutations (e.g., G12C) and the potential development of mutagenic resistance in tumors. Recently, the first representatives of a new class of allosteric inhibitors, termed pan-KRAS, have been discovered and studied due to their activity against multiple mutant forms of the KRAS protein. The development of pan-KRAS inhibitors represents a promising new direction in the therapeutic approach to treating KRAS-mediated cancers. The possibility to target multiple mutant forms of KRAS will significantly enlarge the number of patients that benefit from the therapy and reduce the likelihood of mutagenic resistance in tumors. This study reviews patents published between 2022 and 2024 that present new pan-specific KRAS inhibitors. The consideration of 28 patents included descriptions of the structures of the presented molecules, identification of the most active and selective examples of compounds, as well as results from structure-activity relationship (SAR) analyses for each sample. As a result of this work, some structural features of the most active examples of pan-KRAS inhibitors were identified.