To investigate the correlation between soil fungal communities and the growth and development of Morchella sextelata, this study utilized high-throughput sequencing technology to analyze the structure and diversity of soil fungal communities at various growth stages of Morchella sextelata. The results revealed significant variations in the diversity, composition, and relative abundance of soil fungal communities across different growth stages of Morchella sextelata, demonstrating stage-specific characteristics. Alpha diversity analysis indicated that the Shannon index was highest during the CK stage, significantly decreased in the LS stage (p < 0.01), increased again in the LY stage, and then declined once more in the LC stage. Beta diversity analysis (Principal Coordinates Analysis, PCoA) demonstrated significant differences in fungal community structure across various stages (R = 0.9567, p = 0.001). At the phylum level, Ascomycota remained dominant throughout all growth stages of Morchella sextelata, but its relative abundance exhibited significant dynamic changes. At the fungal genus level, Paecilomyces dominated in the primordium stage (27.12%), whereas Morchella dominated in the conidial stage (LS) and fruiting body stage (LC), accounting for 43.48% and 41.61%, respectively. Additionally, in the LC stage, the plant pathogenic genus Fusarium significantly increased (3.49%), indicating an elevated risk of disease. Functional prediction results revealed that saprotrophic fungi were predominant at all stages, but the relative abundance of pathogenic fungi gradually increased, rising from 0.06% in the LS stage to 41.41% in the LC stage, a substantial increase of 40.81% compared to the LS stage. This suggests a higher potential risk of disease occurrence during the fruiting body stage. Our study provides an overview of the dynamics of soil fungal communities during the cultivation of Morchella sextelata. These findings offer scientific insights for optimizing the artificial cultivation technology of Morchella sextelata and provide a reference for disease prevention and control.

Morel mushrooms (Morchella spp.), a globally distributed edible and medicinal fungus, possess significant economic and nutritional values. This study investigated rhizosphere soil samples collected from wild Morchella esculenta in three regions of Jilin Province. Metagenome sequencing technology was employed to analyze the structure and function of the rhizosphere microbial communities. The results indicated significant differences in microbial community composition among the samples, with the bacterial community being dominant, followed by the archaeal community. Pseudomonadota and Nitrospirae emerged as the dominant phyla, while Bradyrhizobium and Nitrospira were the co-dominant genera. A correlation analysis of environmental factors revealed that the genera Luteibacter, Streptomyces, Micromonospora, Nocardia, Actinomadura, and Paenibacillus were positively correlated with soil total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and organic matter content. In contrast, Candidatus Nitrosocosmicus showed a significant positive correlation with rapidly available nutrients. The functional annotation analysis of soil microorganisms, based on the KEGG database, revealed that within level A (highest tier), metabolic activities were the most prominent. In contrast, at level B (secondary tier), global and overview maps, carbohydrate metabolism, and amino acid metabolism were dominant. Among the top 10 pathway-level annotations, metabolic pathways, the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, and microbial metabolism in diverse environments were significant. Environmental factors and KEGG gene network maps indicated that the available potassium, available phosphorus, and pH were closely related to level A genes, which exhibited a higher abundance of metabolism genes. This study was dedicated to deepening the understanding of the structure and function of the rhizosphere microbial community of Morchella esculenta, and providing new perspectives and insights for habitat investigations, the development of biomimetic cultivation techniques, and the domestication of wild strains to Morchella esculenta in Jilin Province.

In the artificial cultivation of Morchella sextelata (Black Morel), exogenous nutrient bags (ENBs) commonly employ wheat grains as the primary substrate raw material. However, this approach is costly and runs counter to the “non-grain” development direction advocated by the edible mushroom industry. Under controlled field conditions, twelve self-made formulations were set up and compared with a conventional market formulation to comprehensively analyze their impacts on the agronomic traits, yield, soil physicochemical properties, and economic benefits of M. sextelata fruiting bodies. The research findings indicate that the nutrient bag formulations have a significant effect on soil available nutrients. Specifically, the contents of alkali-hydrolysable nitrogen (AN) and available potassium (AK) exhibit a significantly negative correlation with M. sextelata yield (r = −0.60, p < 0.05; r = −0.72, p < 0.01, respectively). Among all the treatment groups, the KY1 formulation (comprising 30% wheat grains, 5% rice bran, 60% corncobs, 2% rice husks, 1% lime, and 1% gypsum) achieved the highest yield of 915.13 kg per 667 m², which was 16.1% higher than that of the control group. The net economic benefit per unit area (667 m²) reached CNY 75,282.15, representing a 20.7% increase compared to the traditional wheat grains-based formulation. In conclusion, partially substituting wheat grains with rice bran in ENBs can not only reduce reliance on staple food resources but also enhance yield and economic efficiency. Due to the differences in cultivated strains and environmental conditions, the impact on morel yield is substantial; therefore, the results of this study need further validation through pilot trials.

Fruiting body formation in edible fungi is a critical development process for both scientific understanding and industrial cultivation, yet the underlying genetic mechanisms remain poorly elucidated. This study aimed to identify key genes regulating monokaryotic fruiting in Flammulina filiformis. A genetic segregation population was constructed through selfing purification and hybrid segregation of the FF002 strain, followed by mapping candidate genes with bulked segregant analysis sequencing (BSA-seq). A 10 kb genomic region on scaffold19 was identified, pinpointing the gene FV-L110034160, which encodes a U2 snRNP complex component involved in pre-mRNA splicing. A T→G SNP located 121 bp downstream of the ATG codon caused a serine-to-alanine substitution, disrupting a conserved domain and altering fruiting phenotypes. Phylogenetic analysis further revealed conservation of this gene in fungal genera. These findings elucidate a key regulatory gene controlling monokaryotic fruiting in F. filiformis, providing novel insights into fruiting body formation mechanisms and establishing a foundation for genetic studies in other edible fungi.