Background and Objectives: The use of stereolithographic (SLA) 3D printing technology in dentistry has expanded, particularly for the fabrication of provisional dental restorations. Understanding the mechanical properties and quality of SLA 3D-printed materials is essential to ensure clinical success and patient safety. This systematic review aims to critically evaluate and summarize the available evidence on the mechanical properties and quality of SLA 3D-printed materials. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Cochrane, and Web of Science up to October 2024. Studies comparing the mechanical properties of SLA 3D-printed provisional restoration materials with those of milled, conventional, or other additive manufacturing methods were included. Nine studies met the inclusion criteria. Data on flexural strength, hardness, fracture resistance, surface roughness, marginal adaptation, accuracy, cement film thickness, shear bond strength, and biofilm formation were extracted and analyzed. Results: The findings from the included studies indicate that SLA 3D-printed materials exhibit varied mechanical properties. Some studies reported that SLA 3D-printed resins had significantly lower flexural strength and hardness compared to milled PMMA and bis-acrylic resins. Other studies found that SLA 3D-printed resins showed clinically acceptable marginal adaptation, surface roughness, and fracture strength comparable to those fabricated by subtractive manufacturing and conventional methods. In terms of accuracy, build orientation influenced the dimensional accuracy of SLA-printed restorations. Studies assessing cement film thickness found that SLA-printed provisional restorations had higher cement film thickness compared to other materials. Regarding repairability and fatigue resistance, limitations were observed in some SLA resins. Conclusions: The mechanical properties and quality of SLA 3D-printed materials for provisional dental restorations vary among studies. While SLA technology holds promise for efficient fabrication of provisional restorations, inconsistencies in material properties suggest a need for further research to optimize materials and printing parameters. Standardization of protocols is necessary to ensure reliable clinical performance of SLA 3D-printed provisional restorations.

Over the past several decades, dental health products containing fluoride have been widely employed to mitigate tooth decay and promote oral hygiene. However, concerns regarding the potential toxicological repercussions of fluoride exposure have incited continuous scientific inquiry. The current study investigated the cytotoxicity of sodium fluoride (NaF) and xylitol (Xyl), both individually and in combination, utilizing human keratinocyte (HaCaT) and osteosarcoma (SAOS-2) cell lines. In HaCaT cells, NaF decreased proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner and induced apoptosis-related morphological changes at low concentrations, whereas Xyl exhibited dose-dependent cytotoxic effects. The combination of NaF and Xyl reduced cell viability, particularly at higher concentrations, accompanied by apoptosis-like morphological alterations. Sub-cytotoxic NaF concentrations (0.2%) significantly affected caspase activity and the expression of pro-apoptotic genes. Conversely, Xyl demonstrated no discernible effect on these biological parameters. In SAOS-2 cells, NaF increased proliferation at high concentrations, contrasting with Xyl's concentration-dependent cytotoxic effects. The combination of NaF and Xyl had a minimal impact on cell viability. Sub-cytotoxic NaF concentrations did not influence caspase activity or gene expression, while Xyl induced dose-dependent morphological alterations, increased caspase activity, and upregulated pro-apoptotic gene expression. In ovo experiments on the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) revealed that only NaF induced irritant effects, suggesting potential vascular adverse outcomes. This study advocates for the combined use of NaF and Xyl, highlighting their cytotoxicity benefits in healthy cells while maintaining safety considerations for tumor cells.

The anatomical variations in the lower limb veins play a critical role in venous reflux surgeries. This study presents an analysis of the great saphenous vein (GSV) proximal part’s anatomical peculiarities, with 257 patients included, who were operated for venous reflux. This study highlighted a progressive increase in the GSV diameter in conjunction with the complexity of the anatomical variations, ranging from no tributaries to more than five tributaries, an anterior accessory GSV, or venous aneurysms. Statistical analysis evidenced this expansion to be significantly correlated with the variations. Additionally, the progression of the chronic venous disease (CVD) stages was notably more prevalent in the complex anatomical variations, suggesting a nuanced interplay between the GSV anatomy and CVD severity. Conclusively, our research articulates the paramount importance of recognizing GSV anatomical variations in optimizing surgical outcomes for CVD patients. These insights not only pave the way for enhanced diagnostic accuracy but also support the strategic framework within which surgical and interventional treatments are devised, advocating for personalized approaches to venous reflux surgery.

Background and Objectives: Halitosis can impair psychosocial well-being, and orthodontic appliances may modify plaque retention and oral ecology. We compared patient-perceived halitosis burden, clinician-rated malodor, and oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) among clear aligner users, fixed-brace patients, and untreated controls, and explored oral and salivary correlates of worse malodor severity. Methods: This cross-sectional study (March 2024–November 2025) enrolled 184 participants aged 15–35 years (aligners n = 62; fixed braces n = 64; controls n = 58). Outcomes were HALT (0–100), organoleptic score (0–5), and OHIP-14 (0–56). Plaque index, gingival inflammation, tongue coating, and unstimulated salivary flow were recorded; low flow was defined as <0.25 mL/min. Organoleptic score ≥ 2 was used descriptively for clinically relevant malodor prevalence, whereas organoleptic score ≥3 defined a moderate-to-severe malodor phenotype for secondary exploratory internal modeling. Multivariable robust linear models (HALT) and proportional-odds ordinal logistic regression (organoleptic severity) were used. Results: Fixed braces showed higher HALT (53.7 ± 6.2) than controls (46.3 ± 6.4) and aligners (41.7 ± 7.4) (p < 0.001), higher organoleptic scores (2.9 ± 0.4 vs. 2.4 ± 0.6 vs. 2.2 ± 0.6; p < 0.001), and worse OHIP-14 (18.6 ± 4.7 vs. 15.9 ± 4.3 vs. 13.8 ± 4.8; p < 0.001). Clinically relevant malodor prevalence (organoleptic ≥ 2) was 96.9% in fixed braces, 79.3% in controls, and 66.1% in aligners (p < 0.001); because ≥2 was used as a broad descriptive threshold, these values should be interpreted as descriptive rather than diagnostic prevalence estimates. In adjusted models, greater tongue coating, higher plaque, and low salivary flow were associated with worse organoleptic severity, whereas appliance category did not remain independently associated with HALT once concurrent clinical correlates were included. Conclusions: Fixed braces showed higher unadjusted malodor burden and worse OHRQoL than aligners and untreated controls, but appliance category should be interpreted as a contextual exposure linked to plaque-retentive conditions rather than as a standalone causal determinant. Plaque accumulation, tongue coating, and lower salivary flow showed the strongest associations with worse malodor severity. These findings should be interpreted in light of the cross-sectional design, possible observer and selection bias, and residual confounding.