Background: Intermittent fasting (IF) can improve inflammatory status, but its effects may be dependent on the mode of fasting. Objectives: We performed a systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses to investigate the effects of different modes of IF on inflammatory markers in adults. Methods: Three database searches were conducted, including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, from inception to June 2024. The searches used two keyword groups: “intermittent fasting” and “inflammatory markers”. Randomized and non-randomized trials investigating any IF mode on inflammatory markers, including interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α, C-reactive protein (CRP), leptin, and adiponectin, were included. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) were calculated using random effects models for both analyses. Results: A total of 21 studies (839 participants) were included. Compared with controls, IF reduced TNF-α [SMD: −0.31, p = 0.009], CRP [SMD: −0.19, p = 0.04], and leptin [SMD: −0.57, p = 0.005] but did not significantly affect IL-6 or adiponectin. Among the IF modes, time-restricted feeding (TRF) showed the largest reduction in TNF-α [−0.39, p = 0.001]. TRF had the highest probability ranking for changes in IL-6, TNF-α, leptin, and adiponectin; however, the effects on IL-6 and adiponectin were not statistically significant. The 5:2 diet ranked highest for CRP. Conclusions: IF may be an effective dietary therapy for improving some inflammatory markers, with effects potentially influenced by the mode of IF. TRF had the highest rankings across multiple markers, though the findings were not uniformly significant. Additional longer-term trials are needed to fully elucidate the anti-inflammatory potential of IF.

Background. The health and fitness industry is evolving and appears to be a dynamic space for all involved stakeholders with great potential worldwide. Objectives. The purpose of this observational study was to identify the most popular health and fitness trends in Turkey for the first time after the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic ...

Introduction and Aim: We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the effects of exercise training on body composition and cardiometabolic health in patients with Type 1 diabetes (T1D). Method: A search in three main databases including PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus was conducted from the inception of this review until June 2024 to identify randomized control trials investigating the effects of exercise training compared to a control on body composition and cardiometabolic risk factors in patients with T1D. The data were pooled using random effects models to calculate weighted mean differences (WMDs), standardized mean differences (SMDs), and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: Overall, 25 studies involving 1120 patients with T1D were included in the meta-analysis. Exercise training decreased body mass index (BMI) [WMD: −0.18 kg.m², p = 0.02], fasting glucose [WMD: −14.97 mg/dl, p = 0.01], and HbA1c [WMD: −0.49%, p = 0.003], and increased VO_2max/peak [WMD: 2.76 mL/kg/min, p = 0.001] as compared with controls. Exercise training had no effect on body fat percentage or lean body mass, lipid profiles, or blood pressure. Subgroup analysis indicated that age, exercise mode, and intervention duration were the main moderators for the beneficial effects of exercise training. Conclusions: In patients with T1D, exercise training is effective for decreasing body weight and cardiometabolic risk factors.

Background/Objectives: Whey protein (WP) can play a role in improving muscle mass and function. However, the effects of WP supplementation on cardiometabolic health parameters such as fasting blood glucose, insulin, and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), fasting triglyceride, total cholesterol, low-density lipo-protein cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol have not been fully elucidated in older adults and are therefore the aim of the present systematic review and pairwise meta-analysis. Methods: A comprehensive search of major databases (PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus) was conducted up to January 2025 for English-language randomized controlled trials examining WP supplementation, either alone or in combination with resistance training in older adults. Eligible studies reported at least one of the following outcomes: body fat mass, body fat percentage, lean body mass, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, muscular strength, glycemic parameters, and lipid profiles. Results: A total of 25 studies involving 1454 participants with mean ages ranging from 64 to 84 years, with body mass indexes ranging from 21 to 31 kg·m² were included, from an initial 868 records identified through database searches. Overall, compared with controls, WP supplementation increased lower-body muscular strength [SMD: 0.16 (95% CI: 0.04 to 0.28), p = 0.007; 19 trials], but without significantly changing upper-body muscular strength, body composition, or other cardiometabolic health markers. However, WP supplementation increased fasting insulin and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance. Subgroup analyses showed that whey protein plus resistance training increased lean body mass, while WP alone improved lower-body strength, with no other significant effects observed. Conclusions: WP supplementation moderately increases lower-body muscle strength in older adults. However, it does not show any significant benefits for body composition or cardiometabolic health markers. Conversely, increased fasting insulin and HOMA-IR were documented. These findings emphasize the need for careful examination of the metabolic effects of WP supplementation in future longer-term trials.