Hydrolysis and dehydration reactions of carbohydrates, which are used as energy raw materials by all living things in nature, are controlled by Carbohydrate Active Enzyme (CAZy) systems. These enzymes are also used in different industrial areas today. There are different types of microorganisms that have the CAZy system and are used in the industrial sector. Apart from current organisms, there are also rumen fungi within the group of candidate microorganisms with the CAZy system. It has been reported that xylanase (EC3.2.1.8 and EC3.2.1.37) enzyme, a member of the glycoside hydrolase enzyme family obtained from Trichoderma sp. and used especially in areas such as bread, paper, and feed industry, is more synthesized in rumen fungi such as Orpinomyces sp. and Neocallimastix sp. Therefore, this study reviews Neocallimastixsp., Orpinomyces sp., Caecomyces sp., Piromyces sp., and Anaeromyces sp., registered in the CAZy and Mycocosm database for rumen fungi to have both CAZy enzyme activity and to be an alternative microorganism in the industry. Furthermore the CAZy enzyme activities of the strains are investigated. The review shows thatNeocallimax sp. and Orpinomyces sp. areconsidered as candidate microorganisms.

Bal arıları (Apis mellifera) bal, polen, arısütü, propolis, bal mumu ve arı zehiri gibi ürünleri üreten ve birçok doğal ve endüstriyel bitkinin tozlaşmasında vektör işlevi gören eşsiz bir süper organizmadır. Son zamanlarda meydana gelen koloni kayıpları sebepleri arasında bağırsak mikroflorasının etkisi ve buna bağlı olarak bağışıklık sistemi ön plana çıkmaktadır. Arıların sindirim tüpünde bulunan bakterilerin çeşitliliği ve yoğunlukları sonucu bağışıklık sistemleri etkilenebilmektedir. Bu etkinin olumlu yönde olabilmesi için bağırsak mikroflorasının doğal ve dengeli olması gerekmektedir. Bağırsakta bulunan bakteri popülasyonları arasında önemli bir yere sahip olan probiyotik kökenli Bifidobacterium sp.’nin sahip olduğu enzim aktivitesi hem diğer simbiyont mikroorganizmalar üzerinde hem de konakçının beslenmesinde kritik bir etkiye sahiptir. Bundan dolayı bu çalışmamızda Bifidobacterium sp.’nin önemini vurgulamak için enzim aktivitesi ve bibliyometrik analizler yapılmıştır. Optimum glikozit hidrolaz enzim aktivitesinin hesaplanması için farklı pH, sıcaklık ve substratlar tercih edilmiştir. Enzim aktivitesinin analizi sonucu Bifidobacterium sp.’nin glikozit hidrolaz etkinliği (pH 5.0 ve 30oC) tespit edilmiştir. İnülin substratının daha fazla kullanılması probiyotik Bifidobacterium sp. için doğal prebiyotik kaynağı olduğunu göstermiştir. Aynı zamanda yeni nesil prebiyotik kaynağı olarak bilinen ksilanın hidrolizi de gerçekleşmiştir. Bibliyometrik analiz için Web Of Science ile Scopus veri tabanındaki korelasyon bağlantıları VOS viewer yazılımı yardımıyla sonuçlandırılmıştır.

This study aimed to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the effects of garlic supplementation on average daily gain (ADG), feed intake (FI), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and fecal score (FS) of dairy calves through a meta-analysis of the available research data. Nine articles met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review, out of 321 studies identified. The results of the meta-analysis revealed that garlic administration significantly improved the ADG in dairy calves (P

Honey bees are a very important species in terms of economy, agriculture, and environment. In recent years, there has been a significant reduction in honey bee colonies in some parts of the world. Honeybee losses are not an unusual event, but there has been a significant reduction in honey bee colonies in many countries around the world. Due to the different social behaviors of honey bees, it is difficult to identify the main factors causing colony losses. According to the latest research, colony losses are mainly caused by parasites, diseases, bee keeping practices, and bee management including reproduction, changes in climatic conditions, agricultural practices and pesticide use, pesticides, nutrition, and beekeeping practices. In this review, the structure of prebiotic, probiotic, climate change, and vitollegen, which causes colony losses, is emphasized, and the potential solutions of these factors that will shed light on colony losses in honey bees from a different point of view are emphasized. In addition, bibliometric analysis was performed using the SCOPUS database to emphasize the importance of probiotic microorganisms and vitellogen.

The current study aimed to investigate and compare STAT5A/AvaI gene polymorphisms and their relationship with milk production traits including milk yield, fat, and protein contents by meta-analysis. A total of 11 studies from 2008 to 2023 were included in the comprehensive search. Three co-dominant models (CT vs. CC), (CT vs. TT) and (CC vs. TT) were used to analyze data. The standardized mean difference (SMD) was used to measure the size effects. 95% confidence intervals were calculated using random/fixed effect models. Heterogeneity among studies and statistical stability of overall estimates were assessed using I² tests by Stata 11.2 software. The association analysis found higher heterogeneity among the studies indicating higher genetic variability. In the results, a significant association was found between the additive model (CT vs. CC) and protein content (P < 0.05). No significant associations were found between STAT5A/AvaI gene polymorphisms with lactation milk yield and fat content. It was concluded that STAT5A gene polymorphisms in dairy cattle breeds could be used as good markers for protein improvement. Several studies reported by the authors contradicted this study. Therefore more investigation should be done to determine the polymorphism of the STAT5A gene and its effect on milk yield and fat content in dairy cattle.