There is evidence that RNA editing is related to plant cellular stress as well as electron transport organelles, such as mitochondria. The mitochondrial atp1 gene encodes the alpha-subunit of Atp synthase. Control as well as two periods of drought stress treatments were analyzed in the cDNAs generated from the mitochondrial atp1 gene of two cultivars of Triticum aestivum [Giza 168 (G168) and Gemmiza 10 (GM10)]. Following RNA-seq data assembly, atp1 cDNAs from the control (acc. no. OQ129415), 2-hour (acc. no. OQ129416), and 12-hour (acc. no. OQ129417) time points of the T. aestivum cultivar G168 were obtained. Control (acc. no. OQ129419), 2-hour (acc. no. OQ129420), and 12-hour (acc. no. OQ129421) samples all included reconstructed atp1 transcripts from Gemmiza 10. Atp1 transcripts were assembled using the wheat atp1 gene (acc. no. NC_036024). RNA-seq raw data was utilized to identify 11 RNA editing sites in atp1 in the tolerant cultivar Giza168 and 6 in the sensitive cultivar Gemmiza10. The significant difference in RNA editing observed between control and drought stress conditions in sites led to synonymous amino acids. This led to no change in tertiary structure between tolerant and sensitive cultivars. But the change was focused between produced protein and its correspondence sequence on DNA.

Maize ( Zea mays L.), a globally important cereal, is highly vulnerable to climate-induced drought stress. This study evaluated seed biopriming with Bacillus nematocida as a strategy to enhance drought tolerance through molecular reprogramming. Maize seeds were bioprimed and subjected to drought stress under greenhouse conditions, and the expression of twelve drought-responsive genes was analyzed via RT-qPCR. Biopriming strongly upregulated stress-related genes, including PLD (60-fold), PYL1 (63-fold), SLAH1 (11-fold), and OST1 (7-fold) under combined drought + biopriming, while Peroxidase and ZmPP2CA were markedly suppressed. These transcriptional shifts indicate enhanced ABA signaling, ion homeostasis, and reduced oxidative stress load. Overall, Bacillus nematocida biopriming conferred a > 50-fold activation of key drought regulators, highlighting its potential as a sustainable approach to improve maize resilience under water-limited conditions.

The global risk posed by mycotoxins in beverages, such as ochratoxin A (OTA), patulin (PAT), aflatoxins (AFs), and others, necessitates robust and rapid detection strategies to maintain product safety and public health. This chapter reviews recent analytical innovations spanning chromatographic, immunoassay, biosensor, and microfluidic platforms. Special emphasis is placed on portable, point-of-care systems utilizing novel recognition elements (aptamers, antibodies, MIPs), nanomaterials, and digital signal processing. Comparative performance metrics demonstrate that emerging biosensor systems can rival traditional high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) while offering greater speed and field applicability. Integration trends toward multiplexing, smartphone readouts, and AI-assisted interpretation are explored, alongside future directions for regulatory adoption and commercialization.

Cereals are the foremost necessary foods for growing population of human. Wheat (Triticum aestivum) is the first important and strategic cereal crop for the majority of world’s populations. It is the most necessary staple food. Although rice (oryzae sativa) has the second place because of planted area but it serves as the most important food source for Asian countries. Wheat and rice production may be severely restricted by biotic and abiotic constraints. Disease is the major biotic stress in several regions.Comparative sequence analysis is a powerful tool to study homologous gene families, define conserved gene functions between orthologs, and identify lineage- and species-specific genes. Most annotations of newly sequenced genomes are based on similarity with sequences for which functional information is available. Apart from conserved sequences, inter-species differences provide important clues about evolutionary history and species-specific adaptations. In our study, two RNA-sequencing data sets of resistant variety of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.,) after infection with leaf rust fungus, Puccinia triticina and resistant variety of rice (Oryza sativa L.,) after infection with blast fungus, Magnaporthe oryzae were compared. 31768 up-regulated genes in wheat and 3902 up-regulated genes in rice were filtered according to fold change more than 3 and removing variants, 250 upregulated genes of wheat and rice were aligned and phylogenetic tree was generated. The result of phylogenetic tree showed close relationship between ten aligned gene pairs of wheat and rice. Two pairs of aligned gene pairs were selected randomly, super family of these pairs were obtained, the result showed that each aligned pair of proteins shared the same protein family and the same annotation and all pairs participate in plant defense pathways. Then, the gene expression of the two pairs were validated by Real-time PCR after infecting wheat with Puccinia triticina and rice with Magnaporthe grisea. Each aligned pair of the two pairs shared the same manner of expression with few exceptions in rice.