Structural or post-traumatic epilepsy often develops after brain tissue damage caused by traumatic brain injury, stroke, infectious diseases of the brain, etc. Most often, between the initiating event and epilepsy, there is a period without seizures—a latent period. At this time, the process of restructuring of neural networks begins, leading to the formation of epileptiform activity, called epileptogenesis. The prediction of the development of the epileptogenic process is currently an urgent and difficult task. MicroRNAs are inexpensive and minimally invasive biomarkers of biological and pathological processes. The aim of this study is to evaluate the predictive ability of microRNAs to detect the risk of epileptogenesis. In this study, we conducted a systematic search on the MDPI, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science platforms. We analyzed publications that studied the aberrant expression of circulating microRNAs in epilepsy, traumatic brain injury, and ischemic stroke in order to search for microRNAs—potential biomarkers for predicting epileptogenesis. Thus, 31 manuscripts examining biomarkers of epilepsy, 19 manuscripts examining biomarkers of traumatic brain injury, and 48 manuscripts examining biomarkers of ischemic stroke based on circulating miRNAs were analyzed. Three miRNAs were studied: miR-21, miR-181a, and miR-155. The findings showed that miR-21 and miR-155 are associated with cell proliferation and apoptosis, and miR-181a is associated with protein modifications. These miRNAs are not strictly specific, but they are involved in processes that may be indirectly associated with epileptogenesis. Also, these microRNAs may be of interest when they are studied in a cohort with each other and with other microRNAs. To further study the microRNA-based biomarkers of epileptogenesis, many factors must be taken into account: the time of sampling, the type of biological fluid, and other nuances. Currently, there is a need for more in-depth and prolonged studies of epileptogenesis.

Background: Epilepsy is a group of disorders characterized by a cluster of clinical and EEG signs leading to the formation of abnormal synchronous excitation of neurons in the brain. It is one of the most common neurological disorders worldwide; and is characterized by aberrant expression patterns; both at the level of matrix transcripts and at the level of regulatory RNA sequences. Aberrant expression of a number of microRNAs can mark a particular epileptic syndrome; which will improve the quality of differential diagnosis. Materials and Methods: In this work; the expression profile of six microRNAs was analyzed: hsa-miR-106b-5p; hsa-miR-134-5p; hsa-miR-122-5p; hsa-miR-132-3p; hsa-miR-155-5p; and hsa-miR-206-5p in the blood plasma of patients suffering from temporal lobe epilepsy (n = 52) and juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (n = 42); n—amount of participants; in comparison with healthy volunteers. The expression analysis was carried out using RT-PCR. Mathematical processing of the data was carried out according to the Livak method. Results: A statistically significant change in the expression of hsa-miR-106b-5p; hsa-miR-134-5p; hsa-miR-122-5p; and hsa-miR-132-3p was found. An increase in the expression of hsa-miR-134-5p and hsa-miR-122-5p was registered in the group of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy compared to the control; as well as an increase in the expression of hsa-miR-132-3p and hsa-miR-106b-5p in the juvenile myoclonic epilepsy group compared to the control. hsa-miR-122-5p; 106b-5p; 132-3p are also able to discriminate groups with different syndromes. Additionally; a number of microRNAs are able to discriminate patients with drug-resistant and drug-sensitive forms of epilepsy from the control; as well as patients with hippocampal sclerosis and patients without hippocampal sclerosis from the control. Conclusion. Our data allow us to propose these microRNAs as plasma biomarkers of various epileptic syndromes

Currently, the problem of effective therapy for drug-resistant epilepsy remains vastly relevant. The severity of drug-resistant epilepsy, remarkable negative social sequelae and sudden death in epilepsy pose a heavy burden on healthcare system. Although many innovative antiepileptic drugs have been developed in recent decades, surgical approach remains the only effective way to treat drug-resistant epilepsy which is coupled to significant health risks and does not guarantee freedom from seizures. The stumbling block in managing this pathology is the lack of knowledge on pathogenetic mechanisms, leaving a significant proportion of patients without quality medical care. There are different viewpoints on developing drug resistance in epilepsy, which are characterized by multilayered and overlapping molecular disease bases. The review presents the analysis of the existing hypotheses regarding the mechanisms underlying drug resistance development in epilepsy.

To date, despite the complexity and risks of not removing seizures hippocampal resection is the only effective solution to overcome drug resistance in epilepsy. Recently, a significant amount of data has been accumulated on the mechanisms of drug resistance development, which allows to develop innovative strategies to overcome it. New antiepileptic drugs have been emerging, directly aimed at acting on disease etiological substrate (many of them are at the stage of clinical trials). Targeted therapy have been extensively introduced, and coupled with precision medicine methods can potentially aid in finding a personalized approach to each individual patient. Migraine models also achieve a qualitatively new level, providing researchers an opportunity to develop highly effective systems for identifying previously unknown disease components, as well as assessing an effect of new drugs. The aim of this review was to highlight current approaches to the treatment of epilepsy and overcoming drug resistance.

Epilepsy is a group of disorders characterized by a cluster of clinical and EEG signs leading to the formation of abnormal synchronous excitation of neurons in the brain. Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological disorders worldwide. Epilepsy is characterized by aberrant expression patterns, both at the level of matrix transcripts and at the level of regulatory RNA sequences. Aberrant expression of a number of microRNAs can mark a particular epileptic syndrome, which will improve the quality of differential diagnosis. In this work, the expression profile of six microRNAs was analyzed: hsa-miR-106b-5p, hsa-miR-134-5p, hsa-miR-122-5p, hsa-miR-132-3p, hsa-miR-155-5p, hsa-miR-206-5p in the blood plasma of patients suffering from temporal lobe epilepsy TLE (n=52), juvenile myoclonic epilepsy JME (n=42) in comparison with healthy volunteers. The expression analysis was carried out using RT-PCR, mathematical processing of the data was carried out according to the Livak method. A statistically significant change in the expression of hsa-miR-106b-5p, hsa-miR-134-5p, hsa-miR-122-5p, hsa-miR-132-3p was found. An increase in the expression of hsa-miR-134-5p and hsa-miR-122-5p was registered in the group of patients with TLE compared to the control, as well as an increase in the expression of hsa-miR-132-3p and hsa-miR-106b-5p in the JME group compared to the control. hsa-miR-122-5p, 106b-5p, 132-3p are also able to discriminate TLE from JME. Additionally, a number of microRNAs are able to discriminate patients with drug-resistant and drug-sensitive forms of epilepsy from the control, as well as patients with hippocampal sclerosis and patients without hippocampal sclerosis from the control. Our data allow us to propose these microRNAs as plasma biomarkers of various epileptic syndromes.

Background. Psoriasis (PsO), psoriatic arthritis (PsA), and metabolic syndrome (MetS) share common immune-inflammatory mechanisms. MicroRNAs are considered potential molecular links integrating inflammatory and metabolic disturbances. Objective. To evaluate the expression of hsa-miR‑210–3p, hsa-miR‑10b‑5p, hsa-miR‑130a‑3p, and hsa-miR‑126–5p in young patients with PsO and PsA, taking into account the presence of MetS. Materials and methods . The study included 38 patients with PsO and 37 with PsA under 45 years of age. Plasma microRNA expression was assessed using RT-qPCR (2^-ΔΔCt method). PERMANOVA, SIMPER, ROC analysis, and correlation analysis were performed. Results . The results of paired multivariate PERMANOVA analysis for the PsO and PsA groups demonstrated statistically significant differences in the overall expression pattern of the studied microRNAs (p=0.003). Statistically significant differences in expression between patients with PsO and PsA were found for two microRNAs: miR‑130a‑3p and miR‑10b‑5p: 57.3 % (p=<0.001) and 22.5 % (p=0.021). The presence of MS in patients with PsA was accompanied by an increase in the expression of miR‑10b‑5p (FC=0.68, p=0.03; log2(2^(–dct) PsA without MS –0.56 [–1.387; –0.198] compared to PsA with MS –1.465 [–1.842; –0.67], p=0.032). The expression level of miR‑130a‑3p positively correlated with glucose, insulin and HOMA-IR. Conclusion. hsa-miR‑130a‑3p and hsa-miR‑10b‑5p may reflect the transition from cutaneous to articular forms of psoriatic disease and participate in the integration of metabolic and inflammatory pathways, representing potential biomarkers of PsO-to-PsA transformation.