(1) Background: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a common mental health condition in children that can significantly impact their quality of life. In this study, we compared the effectiveness of virtual reality (VR) technology with traditional rehabilitation training through meta-analysis, aiming to provide a basis for the clinical optimization of rehabilitation strategies. (2) Methods: The study was registered in PROSPERO, and a search was conducted using the subject terms “virtual reality” and “attention deficit hyperactivity disorder” across six databases. The search yielded 10 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that met the inclusion criteria. The data were analyzed using a random-effects model in statistical software. (3) Results: The study found that VR exercise game technology significantly outperformed the control group in terms of both the primary outcome (executive function and cognitive function) and secondary outcomes (attention, memory, and task switching) in children under the age of 18 with ADHD (children under 18 years of age are defined as adolescents and children). Sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of the five outcome measures. Bias tests revealed no publication bias for the primary outcome, but some bias for the secondary outcomes, which did not affect the overall results. (4) Conclusion: VR motor games significantly improved the executive and cognitive functions of children with ADHD.

This study investigates the effects of electrical stimulation (EMS) combined with strength training on lower limb muscle activation and badminton jump performance, specifically during the “jump smash” movement. A total of 25 male badminton players, with a minimum of three years of professional training experience and no history of lower limb injuries, participated in the study. Participants underwent three distinct conditions: baseline testing, strength training, and EMS combined with strength training. Each participant performed specific jump tests, including the jump smash and static squat jump, under each condition. Muscle activation was measured using electromyography (EMG) sensors to assess changes in the activation of key lower limb muscles. The EMS intervention involved targeted electrical pulses designed to stimulate both superficial and deep muscle fibers, aiming to enhance explosive strength and coordination in the lower limbs. The results revealed that the EMS + strength condition significantly improved performance in both the jump smash and static squat jump, as compared to the baseline and strength-only conditions (F = 3.39, p = 0.042; F = 3.67, p = 0.033, respectively). Additionally, increased activation of the rectus femoris (RF) was observed in the EMS + strength condition, indicating improved muscle recruitment and synchronization, likely due to the activation of fast-twitch fibers. No significant differences were found in the eccentric-concentric squat jump (F = 0.59, p = 0.561). The findings suggest that EMS, when combined with strength training, is an effective method for enhancing lower limb explosiveness and muscle activation in badminton players, offering a promising training approach for improving performance in high-intensity, explosive movements.

Background: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, which adversely affect academic performance and social functioning in children. Current treatment approaches, including medication and behavioral therapy, present certain limitations. In recent years, exercise therapy has attracted increasing attention as a non‐pharmacological intervention without adverse side effects. However, the efficacy of conventional exercise regimens remains limited. Consequently, to address this limitation, researchers have developed a range of innovative exercise‐based interventions—such as mind–dody movement (MBM), ball games (BG), artificial intelligence training (AI), aerobic training (AT), circuit training (CIR), and neurofeedback training (NFT)—which have demonstrated significant benefits in improving inhibitory control, executive function, and gross motor skills among children with ADHD. This study aims to analyze the effects of these innovative exercise interventions and to provide a foundation for optimizing exercise therapy for this population. Methods: We systematically searched six databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Embase, Scopus, and SPORT Discus (EBSCOhost), to screen 26 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) covering 1,276 children with ADHD. The results of the study focused on the key metrics of inhibitory control, executive function, and gross motor skills. We used the Review Manager 5.3 software to assess the methodological quality of the studies. Based on the results criteria, we provided an overall rating and level of evidence for each attribute. We performed network meta‐analysis (NMA) using Stata 15.0 software with the aim of assessing the relative effectiveness of different interventions and verifying the consistency of direct and indirect evidence. Results: The NMA revealed distinct patterns of domain‐specific effectiveness across interventions. For gross motor skills, BG (SMD = ‐2.08, 95% CI [–3.70, –0.47]) and MBM (SMD = –1.59, 95% CI [–2.20, –0.98]) demonstrated the largest effect sizes, with CIR, NFT, and AI also showing statistically significant benefits. In the domain of inhibitory control, MBM again showed the strongest effect (SMD = –2.26, 95% CI [–2.97, –1.55]), followed by AT and NFT. For executive function, only MBM and NFT achieved statistically significant improvements compared to the control. Notably, MBM emerged as the only intervention with consistent trans‐domain efficacy, showing significant benefits in inhibitory control, executive function, and gross motor skills. Conclusion: This NMA indicates that while six exercise interventions generally benefit children with ADHD, their effects exhibit distinct domain specificity. A key finding is that mind‐body exercise emerged as the most universal and effective intervention across all measures, demonstrating the strongest effects on inhibitory control and significant benefits in both executive function and gross motor skills. NFT also demonstrated broad utility, significantly improving executive function and inhibitory control. Other interventions, such as ball sports and AT, showed effects more confined to specific domains like gross motor skills or inhibitory control.NMA comparing six exercise therapies for improving inhibitory function, executive function, and gross motor development in children with ADHD.

Objectives: To investigate the effects of three distinct post-activation potentiation (PAP) interventions—neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES), elastic band resistance, and squats—on neuromuscular activation during the smashing technique in high-level badminton athletes recovering from meniscus injuries. Furthermore, to elucidate the underlying mechanisms at the neuromotor control level through analyses of muscle synergy and intermuscular coherence. Methods: Eighteen high-level male badminton athletes in the recovery phase of meniscus injuries were recruited. Surface electromyographic signals were recorded during forehand smash execution following respective interventions: squats, elastic band resistance, and NMES. Non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) analyzed muscle synergies, extracting synergistic module counts, muscle weights, and activation duration parameters. Time-frequency coherence (TFC) was calculated for specific muscle pairs. Results: The resistance band group (RBG) exhibited a significantly higher number of synergies (5.0 ± 0.63) compared to the squat group (SG) (3.33 ± 0.52, p = 0.005) and the electrical stimulation group (ESG) (2.33 ± 0.82, p < 0.001). In terms of muscle activation weights, the ESG showed markedly increased contributions from key lower limb muscles across multiple synergy modules. E.g., in SYN4, activation weights for gastrocnemius medialis (GM) and lateralis (GL) in the ESG (GM: 0.25 ± 0.31; GL: 0.28 ± 0.28) were significantly higher than in the SG (GM: 0.08 ± 0.20; GL: 0.06 ± 0.09) (p < 0.05), representing an increase exceeding 200%. Intermuscular coherence analysis revealed that the ESG demonstrated superior coherence across α, β, and γ bands for several trunk–limb muscle pairs. E.g., within the α band, the biceps BB–LD pair in the ESG was significantly higher than in both the SG (p = 0.002) and the EBG (p = 0.007). Conclusion: Neuromuscular electrical stimulation effectively optimizes muscle coordination patterns during smash execution in athletes recovering from meniscal injuries. It enhances activation of key muscle groups and multi-band neural coordination, representing an efficient rehabilitation strategy for neuromuscular control function optimization.

Metabolic Syndrome in children, marked by obesity, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, hypertension, and dyslipidemia, is rising globally, affecting body composition, cardiac function, and long-term health. Traditional treatments face challenges, especially for children. Exercise interventions, including low, medium, high, and extremely high intensities, have been studied for their benefits in improving body weight, reducing fat, and enhancing fitness. This paper evaluates the effects of these exercise intensities on body composition and cardiac function in children with Metabolic Syndrome, offering new insights for clinical treatment. Six databases, including Web of Science, PubMed, EBSCO, Embase, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and Cochrane, were systematically searched (between 2008 and 2025), and 35 randomized controlled trials with a total of 2299 pediatric Metabolic Syndrome patients(Age:3.69 to 16.7). The outcome indicators were relevant indicators for evaluating body composition and cardiac function. All eligible studies were assessed for risk of bias (ROB 2.0) according to the Cochrane 5.1 version. Net meta-analysis was performed using Stata 18.0 to assess the relative effectiveness of each intervention and to test the consistency of direct and indirect evidence. Extremely high-intensity exercise (≥ 94% HRmax) significantly reduced Body Mass Index (SMD = -0.80, 95% CI [-1.54, -0.06], p < 0.00001), Body Fat Percentage (SMD = -2.71, 95% CI [-4.29, -1.13], p = 0.11), and improved Glycometabolism (SMD = -2.06, 95% CI [-4.20, 0.08], p < 0.00001) and Maximum Oxygen Uptake (SMD = 1.83, 95% CI [0.02, 3.64]). It also enhanced cardiovascular health (SMD = -5.83, 95% CI [-8.23, -3.43], p < 0.00001). Medium (64–76% HRmax) and high-intensity training (77–93% HRmax) showed some benefits but were not statistically significant. Low-intensity training (50–63% HRmax), while less effective, remains clinically valuable for safety and adaptive interventions in specialized groups. This study found that extremely high-intensity exercise was most effective in improving BMI, body fat percentage, glucometabolic function, and cardiac health in children with Metabolic Syndrome, especially in the short term. Low-intensity exercise, though less effective, is still useful for improving metabolic health and increasing participation, particularly for children with lower fitness levels.