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Prof. Wenwu Zhao
Beijing Normal University

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0 soil erosion
0 Land degradation
0 landscape pattern
0 ecosystem service

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soil erosion
ecosystem service
landscape pattern
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ecological processes

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Research article
Published: 24 August 2021 in Landscape Ecology
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Climate change has imposed tremendous impacts on ecosystem services. Recent attempts to quantify such impacts mainly focused on a basin or larger scale, or used limited time periods that largely ignore observations of long-term trends at a fine resolution, thereby affecting the recognition of climate change’s effect on ecosystem services. This study conducts a detailed and spatially explicit recognition of climate change’s effect on ecosystem services and provides an intuitive map for decision-making and climate change adaptation planning. We used long-term time series of ecosystem service assessments and various future climate scenarios to quantify the sensitivity and future exposure of ecosystem services to climate change on the Tibetan Plateau. Carbon sequestration (CS) and habitat quality experience significant growth, while water retention did not show any trend. Sensitivity patterns of these ecosystem services vary largely. For CS, more than half of the pixels showed a positive sensitivity to climate change, even though the degree of sensitivity is not high. There is substantial spatial heterogeneity in the exposure of ecosystem services to future climate changes, and high levels of future climate change increase the intensity of exposure. This study illustrates the complex spatial association between ecosystem services and climatic drivers, and these findings can help optimize local response strategies in the context of global warming. For example, the existing protected areas have notable conservation gaps for disturbance of future climate change on ecosystem services, especially in the southeastern part of the study area.

ACS Style

Ting Hua; Wenwu Zhao; Francesco Cherubini; Xiangping Hu; Paulo Pereira. Sensitivity and future exposure of ecosystem services to climate change on the Tibetan Plateau of China. Landscape Ecology 2021, 1 -21.

AMA Style

Ting Hua, Wenwu Zhao, Francesco Cherubini, Xiangping Hu, Paulo Pereira. Sensitivity and future exposure of ecosystem services to climate change on the Tibetan Plateau of China. Landscape Ecology. 2021; ():1-21.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ting Hua; Wenwu Zhao; Francesco Cherubini; Xiangping Hu; Paulo Pereira. 2021. "Sensitivity and future exposure of ecosystem services to climate change on the Tibetan Plateau of China." Landscape Ecology , no. : 1-21.

Journal article
Published: 28 July 2021 in Geography and Sustainability
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Mapping spatiotemporal land cover changes offers opportunities to better understand trends and drivers of environmental change and helps to identify more sustainable land management strategies. This study investigates the spatiotemporal patterns of changes in land covers, forest harvest areas and soil erosion rates in Nordic countries, namely Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Denmark. This region is highly sensitive to environmental changes, as it is experiencing high levels of human pressure and among the highest rates of global warming. An analysis that uses consistent land cover dataset to quantify and compares the recent spatiotemporal changes in land cover in the Nordic countries is missing. The recent products issued by the European Space Agency and the Copernicus Climate Change Service framework provide the possibility to investigate the historical land cover changes from 1992 to 2018 at 300 m resolution. These maps are then integrated with time series of forest harvest areas between 2004 and 2018 to study if and how forest management is represented in land cover products, and with soil erosion data to explore status and recent trends in agricultural land. Land cover changes typically involved from 4% to 9% of the total area in each country. Wetland showed the strongest reduction (11,003 km2, −11% of the wetland area in 1992), followed by forest (8,607 km2, −1%) and sparse vegetation (5,695 km2, −7%), while agriculture (15,884 km2, 16%) and settlement (3,582 km2, 84%) showed net increases. Wetland shrinkage dominated land cover changes in Norway (5,870 km2, −18%), followed by forest and grassland with a net gain of 3,441 km2 (3%) and 3, 435 km2 (10%), respectively. In Sweden, forest areas decreased 13 008 km2 (−4%), mainly due to agriculture expansion (9,211 km2, 29%). In Finland, agricultural areas increased by 5,982 km2 (24%), and wetland decreased by 6 698 km2 (−22%). Settlement had the largest net growth in Denmark (717 km2, 70%), mainly from conversion of agriculture land. Soil erosion rates in Nordic countries are lower than the global average, but they are exacerbating in several locations (especially western Norway). The integration of the land cover datasets with maps of forest harvest areas shows that the majority of the losses in forest cover due to forestry operations are largely undetected, but a non-negligible share of the forest-to-agriculture (up to 19%) or forest-to-grassland (up to 51%) transitions overlap with the harvested sites. Forestry activity in the study region primarily involve small-scale harvest events that are difficult to be detected at the 300 m resolution of the land cover dataset. An accurate representation of forest management remains a challenge for global datasets of land cover timeseries, and more interdisciplinary international efforts are needed to address this gap. Overall, this analysis provides a detailed overview of recent changes in land cover and forest management in Nordic countries as represented by state-of-the-art global datasets, and offers insights to future studies aiming to improve these data or apply them in land surface models, climate models, landscape ecology, or other applications.

ACS Style

Na Zhou; Xiangping Hu; Ingvild Byskov; Jan Sandstad Næss; Qiaosheng Wu; Wenwu Zhao; Francesco Cherubini. Overview of recent land cover changes, forest harvest areas, and soil erosion trends in Nordic countries. Geography and Sustainability 2021, 2, 163 -174.

AMA Style

Na Zhou, Xiangping Hu, Ingvild Byskov, Jan Sandstad Næss, Qiaosheng Wu, Wenwu Zhao, Francesco Cherubini. Overview of recent land cover changes, forest harvest areas, and soil erosion trends in Nordic countries. Geography and Sustainability. 2021; 2 (3):163-174.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Na Zhou; Xiangping Hu; Ingvild Byskov; Jan Sandstad Næss; Qiaosheng Wu; Wenwu Zhao; Francesco Cherubini. 2021. "Overview of recent land cover changes, forest harvest areas, and soil erosion trends in Nordic countries." Geography and Sustainability 2, no. 3: 163-174.

Journal article
Published: 29 June 2021 in Geoderma
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Soil erosion by water is a major threat to land degradation. The United Nations Decade on Ecosystem Restoration 2021–2030 calls for massive ecosystem restoration to address land degradation impacts. Due to the implementation of large-scale soil and water conservation programs in China (i.e., the Grain for Green Program), the area covered by vegetation has increased. Climate change may exacerbate soil erosion risk, while vegetation greening may alleviate this risk. This work aims to assess China's water erosion risk over the past two decades since the implementation of the Grain for Green Program (1999–2018) and explore the relative importance of precipitation and vegetation on erosion risk dynamics. An integrated method was developed using the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation and the Pressure-State-Response model. An indicator contribution index was applied to detect the impacts of soil cover and management (C) and rainfall erosivity (R) on risk changes. The results showed that China's water erosion risk had a decreasing trend (23% between 1999 and 2018), especially in areas with middle and high state indicator values. R contributed more than C in northern China, whereas the opposite occurred in southern China. The contribution of R decreased while that of C increased. Vegetation greening partly offset the pressure from climate change. Overall, this work highlights the importance of vegetation recovery in reducing water erosion.

ACS Style

Han Wang; Wenwu Zhao; Changjia Li; Paulo Pereira. Vegetation greening partly offsets the water erosion risk in China from 1999 to 2018. Geoderma 2021, 401, 115319 .

AMA Style

Han Wang, Wenwu Zhao, Changjia Li, Paulo Pereira. Vegetation greening partly offsets the water erosion risk in China from 1999 to 2018. Geoderma. 2021; 401 ():115319.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Han Wang; Wenwu Zhao; Changjia Li; Paulo Pereira. 2021. "Vegetation greening partly offsets the water erosion risk in China from 1999 to 2018." Geoderma 401, no. : 115319.

Journal article
Published: 10 June 2021 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Large-scale vegetation restoration greatly changed the soil erosion environment in the Loess Plateau since the implementation of the “Grain for Green Project” (GGP) in 1999. Evaluating the effects of vegetation restoration on soil erosion is significant to local soil and water conservation and vegetation construction. Taking the Ansai Watershed as the case area, this study calculated the soil erosion modulus from 2000 to 2015 under the initial and current scenarios of vegetation restoration, using the Chinese Soil Loess Equation (CSLE), based on rainfall and soil data, remote sensing images and socio-economic data. The effect of vegetation restoration on soil erosion was evaluated by comparing the average annual soil erosion modulus under two scenarios among 16 years. The results showed: (1) vegetation restoration significantly changed the local land use, characterized by the conversion of farmland to grassland, arboreal land, and shrub land. From 2000 to 2015, the area of arboreal land, shrub land, and grassland increased from 19.46 km2, 19.43 km2, and 719.49 km2 to 99.26 km2, 75.97 km2, and 1084.24 km2; while the farmland area decreased from 547.90 km2 to 34.35 km2; (2) the average annual soil erosion modulus from 2000 to 2015 under the initial and current scenarios of vegetation restoration was 114.44 t/(hm²·a) and 78.42 t/(hm²·a), respectively, with an average annual reduction of 4.81 × 106 t of soil erosion amount thanks to the vegetation restoration; (3) the dominant soil erosion intensity changed from “severe and light erosion” to “moderate and light erosion”, vegetation restoration greatly improved the soil erosion environment in the study area; (4) areas with increased erosion and decreased erosion were alternately distributed, accounting for 48% and 52% of the total land area, and mainly distributed in the northwest and southeast of the watershed, respectively. Irrational land use changes in local areas (such as the conversion of farmland and grassland into construction land, etc.) and the ineffective implementation of vegetation restoration are the main reasons leading to the existence of areas with increased erosion.

ACS Style

Hui Wei; Wenwu Zhao; Han Wang. Effects of Vegetation Restoration on Soil Erosion on the Loess Plateau: A Case Study in the Ansai Watershed. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 6266 .

AMA Style

Hui Wei, Wenwu Zhao, Han Wang. Effects of Vegetation Restoration on Soil Erosion on the Loess Plateau: A Case Study in the Ansai Watershed. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (12):6266.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hui Wei; Wenwu Zhao; Han Wang. 2021. "Effects of Vegetation Restoration on Soil Erosion on the Loess Plateau: A Case Study in the Ansai Watershed." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 12: 6266.

Journal article
Published: 17 May 2021 in Journal of Environmental Management
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Monitoring landscape pattern change can provide spatial explicit basis for future landscape management. The future socioeconomic and climate change drivers should be systematically combined in landscape pattern monitoring, while they are often regarded as independent parameters in landscape monitoring models. This study sought to project the detailed landscape pattern change based on landscape composition and configuration in Tibet by 2030, and combined the shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs) and representative concentration pathways (RCPs). The results showed area of the unused land and forest will reduce by a minimum standard of 11.42 × 104 and 9.04 × 104 km2 from 2010 to 2030, respectively. Other land use types will increase, and the highest increase in grassland will be 9.30 × 105 km2. Combined SSP1 and RCP2.6 scenario show high landscape aggregation and low edge density on cultivated land, urban land and grassland in Tibet as a whole. However, in typical cultivated and urban landscape, the abovementioned rule is appeared in the combined SSP4 and RCP6.0 scenario. These findings stress the importance of systematically modeling the socioeconomic demand and climate change in landscape pattern monitoring, and using both landscape composition and configuration indexes for scenario evaluation.

ACS Style

Hua Liu; Yanxu Liu; Chenxu Wang; Wenwu Zhao; Shiliang Liu. Landscape pattern change simulations in Tibet based on the combination of the SSP-RCP scenarios. Journal of Environmental Management 2021, 292, 112783 .

AMA Style

Hua Liu, Yanxu Liu, Chenxu Wang, Wenwu Zhao, Shiliang Liu. Landscape pattern change simulations in Tibet based on the combination of the SSP-RCP scenarios. Journal of Environmental Management. 2021; 292 ():112783.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hua Liu; Yanxu Liu; Chenxu Wang; Wenwu Zhao; Shiliang Liu. 2021. "Landscape pattern change simulations in Tibet based on the combination of the SSP-RCP scenarios." Journal of Environmental Management 292, no. : 112783.

Review article
Published: 20 April 2021 in Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health
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Fire is a natural element of the environment that can have pervasive and beneficial impacts on the ecosystems. Wildfires can induce dramatic socio-economic and environmental impacts, while prescribed fires can have several benefits. Therefore ‘fire is a good servant but a bad master’. Depending on the way, it is used can be advantageous or detrimental. Here, we study the short-term effect of wildfires and prescribed fires on regulating, provisioning and cultural ecosystem services. Wildfires occurrence have a detrimental effect on all ecosystem services, except Pest and Diseases Control and Knowledge Systems. On the other hand, prescribed fires use has a positive/neutral impact on most ecosystem services studied. The trade-offs observed using this practice are related to negative impacts related to greenhouse gases and pollution emission (regulating) and decreasing biomass availability for energy and timber value (provisioning).

ACS Style

Paulo Pereira; Igor Bogunovic; Wenwu Zhao; Damia Barcelo. Short-term effect of wildfires and prescribed fires on ecosystem services. Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health 2021, 22, 100266 .

AMA Style

Paulo Pereira, Igor Bogunovic, Wenwu Zhao, Damia Barcelo. Short-term effect of wildfires and prescribed fires on ecosystem services. Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health. 2021; 22 ():100266.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Paulo Pereira; Igor Bogunovic; Wenwu Zhao; Damia Barcelo. 2021. "Short-term effect of wildfires and prescribed fires on ecosystem services." Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health 22, no. : 100266.

Journal article
Published: 18 April 2021 in Geography and Sustainability
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The great challenges of sustainable development highlight an urgent need to systematically understand the mechanisms linking humans and nature. Resources and Environmental Sciences are a broad and practical discipline focused on coupled human and natural systems. They aim to study the formation and evolution of resources in the earth system, the drivers of various environmental problems, processes and relationships between resources and the environment, particularly under the combined impacts of natural conditions and human activities. The major resources and environmental problems drive the discipline development; international science programmes guide the direction of the discipline; interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary integration promotes new branches of the discipline; and technological progress results in a research paradigm shift. Facing the critical research requirements of strengthening trans- and interdisciplinarity, breaking through the key technology, targeting major environmental and disaster issues, and supporting sustainable development, nine critical scientific issues should be focused on climate change impact and adaptation, petroleum and mineral resources, water cycle and water resources, soil and land resources, ecosystems, remote sensing and geographic information science, environmental science and technology, disaster risk, and global and regional sustainable development. Suggestions to enhancing funding systems, improve talent cultivation, develop scientific platforms, and strength international cooperation are provided in this study to support scientific policymaking. The promotion of Resources and Environmental Sciences enables a more comprehensive and in-depth understanding of economic development and environmental changes relevant to assure a more sustainable global development.

ACS Style

Bojie Fu; Yanxu Liu; Yan Li; Cong Wang; Changjia Li; Wei Jiang; Ting Hua; Wenwu Zhao. The research priorities of Resources and Environmental Sciences. Geography and Sustainability 2021, 2, 87 -94.

AMA Style

Bojie Fu, Yanxu Liu, Yan Li, Cong Wang, Changjia Li, Wei Jiang, Ting Hua, Wenwu Zhao. The research priorities of Resources and Environmental Sciences. Geography and Sustainability. 2021; 2 (2):87-94.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bojie Fu; Yanxu Liu; Yan Li; Cong Wang; Changjia Li; Wei Jiang; Ting Hua; Wenwu Zhao. 2021. "The research priorities of Resources and Environmental Sciences." Geography and Sustainability 2, no. 2: 87-94.

Original article
Published: 12 April 2021 in Journal of Mountain Science
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Soil conservation by vegetation can mitigate soil erosion hazard and prevent reductions in food productivity. However, previous research applies little consideration to the interaction between vegetation and climate change in the estimation of future soil conservation change. Therefore, based on the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE), Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs, specifically RCP4.5 and RCP8.5), and the vegetation index and precipitation datasets, we built a multivariate regression equation that considers changes in vegetation growth under climate change scenarios in the context of soil conservation. Using the Nile River basin as a case study, via our established methods, we modelled and projected the impact of vegetation and climate change on future soil conservation between 2020 and 2100, where three main results were obtained: (1) under the scenarios of RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 from 2020 to 2100, soil conservation in the Nile Basin will first increase and then decrease, with its highest value in the years 2060, at 117.72 (t ha−1 y−1), and 2070, at 134.39 (t ha−1 y−1). (2) Soil conservation under RCP4.5 is lower than that under the RCP8.5 scenario, with a maximum difference of 27 (t ha−1 y−1) in 2040 and a minimum difference of 0.2 (t ha−1 y−1) in 2100. (3) The vegetation and climate change models in 2100 had soil conservation values of 110.77 (t ha−1 y−1) under RCP4.5 and 38.70 (t ha−1 y−1) under RCP8.5. In conclusion, although vegetation growth can increase soil conservation in the Nile River basin, the change in precipitation can offset the soil conservation enhanced by vegetation growth.

ACS Style

Hua Liu; Yan-Xu Liu; Wen-Wu Zhao; Da Peng. Soil conservation assessment via climate change and vegetation growth scenarios in the Nile River basin. Journal of Mountain Science 2021, 18, 863 -877.

AMA Style

Hua Liu, Yan-Xu Liu, Wen-Wu Zhao, Da Peng. Soil conservation assessment via climate change and vegetation growth scenarios in the Nile River basin. Journal of Mountain Science. 2021; 18 (4):863-877.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hua Liu; Yan-Xu Liu; Wen-Wu Zhao; Da Peng. 2021. "Soil conservation assessment via climate change and vegetation growth scenarios in the Nile River basin." Journal of Mountain Science 18, no. 4: 863-877.

Journal article
Published: 29 March 2021 in Geography and Sustainability
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The COVID-19 pandemic has stalled and rolled back progress on Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Ecosystem services (ESs), defined as the contributions of ecosystems to human well-being, underpin the achievement of SDGs. To promote SDG achievement in post-pandemic era, we teased out the links between ESs and SDGs while examining the impact of COVID-19. We found that ESs benefited all SDGs, yet man-made pressures led to degradation of ecosystems and their services. There is broad consensus that the virus lurks in degraded ecosystems and generates spillover due to human interference. The pandemic and global lockdown/restriction disrupted the flow of ESs and altered human ESs demand, threatening the efforts for the SDGs. We suggested: 1) to study the association and traceability of ESs-SDGs under the pandemic; 2) to prioritize pressing issues such as health care, livelihood, and resource security and in the long run, we should promote human-nature harmony to achieve the SDGs; and 3) to enhance ESs and to promote the SDGs through local community efforts, ESs accounting, and ecosystem restoration. This paper provides insights into the importance of ESs to the SDGs and helps to promote the SDG achievement by leveraging ESs’ contribution after the pandemic.

ACS Style

Caichun Yin; Wenwu Zhao; Francesco Cherubini; Paulo Pereira. Integrate ecosystem services into socio-economic development to enhance achievement of sustainable development goals in the post-pandemic era. Geography and Sustainability 2021, 2, 68 -73.

AMA Style

Caichun Yin, Wenwu Zhao, Francesco Cherubini, Paulo Pereira. Integrate ecosystem services into socio-economic development to enhance achievement of sustainable development goals in the post-pandemic era. Geography and Sustainability. 2021; 2 (1):68-73.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Caichun Yin; Wenwu Zhao; Francesco Cherubini; Paulo Pereira. 2021. "Integrate ecosystem services into socio-economic development to enhance achievement of sustainable development goals in the post-pandemic era." Geography and Sustainability 2, no. 1: 68-73.

Original paper
Published: 26 March 2021 in Environmental Geochemistry and Health
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The spatial and temporal distribution pattern is an outstanding feature of the relationship among ecosystem services (ESs) that explains links between human activities and disturbed chemical composition of ecosystems. This study investigated the spatiotemporal variation of land use/cover changes (LUCC) and quantifies the change in four essential ecosystem services with an emphasis on soil (nutrient delivery ratio, carbon storage, crop production, and water yield) and their relationships in the Jiroft plain, Iran, during 1996–2016 through analytical tools including Land Change Modeler, and the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoff. During the 20-year concentrate period, there was a considerable overall gain in cropland (5396 km2) and urban (1787 km2), loss of unused land (5692 km2), water (2088 km2), and forest (1083 km2). As a result of LUCC, while crop production and nutrient delivery ratio showed a rising trend, overall carbon storage and water yield decreased. The spatiotemporal trade-off between carbon storage and crop production, the temporal trade-off between crop production and water yield, and synergy between water yield and crop production were widespread in Jiroft plain. These results showed that the interaction among ESs mutates over time and can be changed under planning and policies. This study will enrich the research of the geographical distribution of ESs interaction in dryland ecosystems to provide practical ecosystem management under local conditions.

ACS Style

Fatemeh Adelisardou; Hamid Reza Jafari; Bahram Malekmohammadi; Tatiana Minkina; Wenwu Zhao; Abdolreza Karbassi. Impacts of land use and land cover change on the interactions among multiple soil-dependent ecosystem services (case study: Jiroft plain, Iran). Environmental Geochemistry and Health 2021, 1 -20.

AMA Style

Fatemeh Adelisardou, Hamid Reza Jafari, Bahram Malekmohammadi, Tatiana Minkina, Wenwu Zhao, Abdolreza Karbassi. Impacts of land use and land cover change on the interactions among multiple soil-dependent ecosystem services (case study: Jiroft plain, Iran). Environmental Geochemistry and Health. 2021; ():1-20.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fatemeh Adelisardou; Hamid Reza Jafari; Bahram Malekmohammadi; Tatiana Minkina; Wenwu Zhao; Abdolreza Karbassi. 2021. "Impacts of land use and land cover change on the interactions among multiple soil-dependent ecosystem services (case study: Jiroft plain, Iran)." Environmental Geochemistry and Health , no. : 1-20.

Journal article
Published: 26 March 2021 in Anthropocene
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Changes in land cover are increasingly affecting land surface properties and provision of ecosystem services. Understanding recent historical land cover changes and their interlinkages with key environmental processes is instrumental to better support strategies for land-use management. The recently released products from the European Space Agency and Copernicus Climate Change Service contain high-resolution (300 m) time series of global land cover maps from 1992 to 2018. This study investigates the land transitions in these products and explores the effects on two key environmental aspects, namely, carbon losses from deforestation and soil erosion rates. We used a powerful server for big data analysis to retain the original spatial resolution of the datasets. We found 722 Mha (5.5% of the total ice-free land surface) of gross land cover changes, which mainly involved transitions to and from forest/agriculture. Cropland gains are 205 Mha and losses 126 Mha (net expansion of 79 Mha). Deforestation occurring in 242 Mha was mainly caused by agricultural expansion, whereas 196 Mha were afforested. Settlements show the largest relative expansion (44 Mha, +210%), of which 67% (29 Mha) occurred at expenses of agricultural land. Deforestation caused 12.3 (7.6/14.2) Gt Carbon losses from below- and aboveground biomass from 2010 to 2018, corresponding to 1.5 (1.0/1.8) Gt Carbon per year. Global agriculture activities have increased total soil erosion of 3.2 Gt and soil erosion rates of 0.22 Mg ha-1 yr-1 in the period 2001-2012, especially in tropical regions. The identified land transitions and changes in key environmental processes reflect a human-dominated Earth system and the indirect effects of climate change on land cover, especially in boreal ecosystems.

ACS Style

Xiangping Hu; Jan Sandstad Næss; Cristina Maria Iordan; Bo Huang; Wenwu Zhao; Francesco Cherubini. Recent global land cover dynamics and implications for soil erosion and carbon losses from deforestation. Anthropocene 2021, 34, 100291 .

AMA Style

Xiangping Hu, Jan Sandstad Næss, Cristina Maria Iordan, Bo Huang, Wenwu Zhao, Francesco Cherubini. Recent global land cover dynamics and implications for soil erosion and carbon losses from deforestation. Anthropocene. 2021; 34 ():100291.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xiangping Hu; Jan Sandstad Næss; Cristina Maria Iordan; Bo Huang; Wenwu Zhao; Francesco Cherubini. 2021. "Recent global land cover dynamics and implications for soil erosion and carbon losses from deforestation." Anthropocene 34, no. : 100291.

Chapter
Published: 16 March 2021 in Urban Health Risk and Resilience in Asian Cities
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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a global crisis. Sharing experiences in combating the COVID-19 pandemic and seeking international cooperation is an effective way to facilitate countries’ search for appropriate measures to prevent and control the pandemic. The new local confirmed case of COVID-19 suddenly appeared in Beijing on June 11, when there are 56 consecutive days with no new local cases but rapidly controlled in a short period. Its systematic strategy to combat the pandemic is worth sharing and learning from. Beijing’s pandemic prevention and control measures can be summarized in the “coordination, classification, and collaboration” approach. Based on this prevention and control strategy, Beijing’s anti-pandemic work coordinated the government, society, and individuals’ forces. It divided the critical works of pandemic prevention and control, coordinated the conflict between anti-pandemic work and production life, and finally achieved the smooth anti-pandemic work. Beijing’s experience in fighting the pandemic can provide one of the solutions to mitigate the global COVID-19 pandemic crisis.

ACS Style

Yi Han; Jie Li; Kun Jia; Yanxu Liu; Wenwu Zhao. Lessons from the Success Story: The Systematic Approach to Fight Against COVID-19 in Beijing. Urban Health Risk and Resilience in Asian Cities 2021, 35 -49.

AMA Style

Yi Han, Jie Li, Kun Jia, Yanxu Liu, Wenwu Zhao. Lessons from the Success Story: The Systematic Approach to Fight Against COVID-19 in Beijing. Urban Health Risk and Resilience in Asian Cities. 2021; ():35-49.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yi Han; Jie Li; Kun Jia; Yanxu Liu; Wenwu Zhao. 2021. "Lessons from the Success Story: The Systematic Approach to Fight Against COVID-19 in Beijing." Urban Health Risk and Resilience in Asian Cities , no. : 35-49.

Preprint content
Published: 04 March 2021
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The soil available water content (AWC) has a strong ability to indicate the soil water conditions under different land cover types. Although the AWC has long been calculated, soil water characteristic curve estimation models and the distribution of AWC, as well as the impact factors, have rarely been evaluated in the Loess Plateau of China. In this study, four typical land cover types were selected: introduced shrubland, introduced grassland, natural restored shrubland and natural restored grassland. Four widely used models were compared with the van Genuchten (VG) model, including the Arya and Paris (AP) model, Mohammadi and Vanclooster (MV) model, Tyler and Wheatcraft (TW) model, and linear fitting (LF) model to estimate the wilting point. The distribution of AWC and the relationships with environmental factors were measured and analyzed. The results showed the following: (1) the MV model was the most suitable model to estimate the soil water characteristic curve in the Loess Plateau; (2) the factors impacting the AWC varied under different precipitation gradients, and the area with a mean annual precipitation of 440-510 mm was the most sensitive zone to environmental and vegetation factors; and (3) the soil water deficit was more severe when considering AWC than when considering soil water content (SWC), and the water deficits were different under introduced grassland and introduced shrubland. Consequently, the construction of vegetation restoration should be more cautious and consider the trade-off between soil conservation and water conservation. During restoration, policy makers should focus on the AWC in addition to the SWC to better assess the soil moisture status.        

ACS Style

Xiao Zhang; Wenwu Zhao; Lixin Wang; Paulo Pereira. Aggravated water deficit in the Loess Plateau of China as indicated by the soil available water content. 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Xiao Zhang, Wenwu Zhao, Lixin Wang, Paulo Pereira. Aggravated water deficit in the Loess Plateau of China as indicated by the soil available water content. . 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xiao Zhang; Wenwu Zhao; Lixin Wang; Paulo Pereira. 2021. "Aggravated water deficit in the Loess Plateau of China as indicated by the soil available water content." , no. : 1.

Preprint content
Published: 04 March 2021
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Soil moisture (SM), a vital variable in the climate system, is applied in many fields. But the existing SM data sets from different sources have great uncertainty, hence need comprehensive verification. In this study, we collected and evaluated ten latest commonly used SM products over China, including four reanalysis data (ERA-Interim, ERA5, NCEP R2 and CFSR/CFSV2), three land surface model products (GLDAS 2.1 Noah, CLSM and VIC) and three remote sensing products (ESA CCI ACTIVE, COMBINED and PASSIVE). These products in their overlap period (2000-2018) were inter-compared in spatial and temporal variation. In addition, their accuracy was verified by a large quantity of in-situ observations. The results show that the ten SM products have roughly similar spatial patterns and small inter-annual differences, but there are still some deviations varying in regions and products. ERA5 displays the most encouraging overall performance in China. The estimates of SM in the northwest of China among all products generally perform poorly on capturing in-situ SM variability due to less coverage of observations. CLSM and ERA5 have a satisfactory correlation coefficient with the observed SM (R>0.7) in the northeast and south of China, respectively. ESA CCI ACTIVE performs with the optimal mean Equitable Threat Score (ETS) value, which indicates the promising ability to drought assessment, followed by CFSR/CFSV2 and ERA5. Specifically, ESA CCI ACTIVE expresses higher ETS in the Yellow River Basin, while CFSR/CFSV2 and ERA5 are more applicable in most areas of the eastern China. This study provides a reasonable reference for the application of SM products in China.

ACS Style

Huiqing Li; Aizhong Ye; Yuhang Zhang; Wenwu Zhao. Evaluation of multiple soil moisture products using in-situ observations over China. 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Huiqing Li, Aizhong Ye, Yuhang Zhang, Wenwu Zhao. Evaluation of multiple soil moisture products using in-situ observations over China. . 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Huiqing Li; Aizhong Ye; Yuhang Zhang; Wenwu Zhao. 2021. "Evaluation of multiple soil moisture products using in-situ observations over China." , no. : 1.

Preprint content
Published: 04 March 2021
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Qinghai is a pivotal area for protection and ecological restoration, which is a unique plateau ecosystem composed of tundra, grasslands, Gobi, and the source of rivers. In response to afforestation projects, the government has successfully implemented the Sloping Land Conversion Program (SLCP), Natural Forest Conservation Program (NFCP), and Three-North Shelter Forest Program (TNSFP), etc. However, the ecological benefits after the implementation of the restoration project lack quantitative evaluation. In this study, we extracted farmland (slope> 25°) and wasteland as appropriate afforestation areas based on the ecological niche of tree species simulated by MaxEnt. Then, ecosystem services are selected as indicators to measure the benefits of restoration, with supply services and recreation services as direct benefits, and regulating services and supporting services as indirect benefits. We compared the impact of afforestation on ecosystem services, highlighting the benefits of ecological engineering. Under the assumption that all afforestation tree species survive, the appropriate afforestation areas are 549.25hm2, mainly distributed in the northeast of Qinghai. Regulating services, supporting services and the attractiveness of recreation services have improved, while crop supply and the accessibility of recreation services have decreased. Our findings can enrich theoretical and empirical research on ecosystem services and have implications for afforestation management in similar areas.

ACS Style

Yanzhen Hou; Wenwu Zhao. Afforestation projects in Qinghai Province: what are the benefits of ecosystem services? 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Yanzhen Hou, Wenwu Zhao. Afforestation projects in Qinghai Province: what are the benefits of ecosystem services? . 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yanzhen Hou; Wenwu Zhao. 2021. "Afforestation projects in Qinghai Province: what are the benefits of ecosystem services?" , no. : 1.

Preprint content
Published: 04 March 2021
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        Global warming has imposed a positive or adverse impact on ecosystem services and it will be further amplified in vulnerable areas like Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. However, there is a limited understanding of spatial interaction among ecosystem services and their climatic drivers at a fine resolution, regardless of the historical or future periods. This study attempted to fill this gap by detecting sensitivity and exposure of ecosystem services to climate change based on spatial moving window method, combined with Modis-based satellite datasets and various future scenarios dataset. We found that Carbon Sequence and Oxygen Production (CSOP) and habitat quality experienced significant growth, while water retention (WR) showed a fluctuation trend on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. For CSOP, 56.94% of the pixels showed a positive sensitivity to climate change, which is nearly twice the ones with negative sensitivity (26.72%). And there is an evident positive sensitivity between WR and precipitation. Also, there is substantial spatial heterogeneity in the exposure of ecosystem services to future climate changes. A high-emission pathway (SSP5-8.5) increases the intensity of exposure on ecosystem services than low-emission pathway, and disturbances accompanied by future climate change at specific elevation intervals should not be ignored. Identifying spatial association among the ecosystem services and climatic drivers is helpful for targeted management and sustainable development of soil in the context of global warming.

Keywords

Ecosystem services, Climate change, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Sensitivity, Exposure

ACS Style

Ting Hua; Wenwu Zhao; Paulo Pereira. Quantifying sensitivity and exposure of multiple ecosystem services to climate change: A case study of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau . 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Ting Hua, Wenwu Zhao, Paulo Pereira. Quantifying sensitivity and exposure of multiple ecosystem services to climate change: A case study of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau . . 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ting Hua; Wenwu Zhao; Paulo Pereira. 2021. "Quantifying sensitivity and exposure of multiple ecosystem services to climate change: A case study of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau ." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 21 January 2021 in Science of The Total Environment
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Long-term afforestation has important implications on soil properties and quality in semi-arid areas. A large-scale afforestation project has been carried out in the Loess Plateau in the last 20 years. This work aims to study the afforestation (Robinia pseudoacacia, Caragana korshinskii and natural grassland recover 10, 20, 30, and 40 years after) impacts on soil properties and quality. The results showed that coverage and root biomass (RB) was the highest 30 years after the restoration in Robinia pseudoacacia and Caragana korshinskii treatments, while the highest 40 years post-restoration in natural grasslands. Sand content and BD showed the highest values 10 years post afforestation in all study areas. Clay, Silt, mean weight diameter (MWD), and geometric mean diameter (GMD) in Robinia pseudoacacia, Caragana korshinskii had the highest values 30 years after the afforestation, while in natural grasslands, this was observed 40 years after. In Robinia pseudoacacia, Caragana korshinskii treatments, soil moisture content (SMC) reached the highest levels 30 years post afforestation at 20–40 and 40–60 cm. Regarding natural grasslands, SMC had the highest values 40 years post-afforestation. Sand content and BD increased with soil depth, while the opposite was identified in RB, clay, silt, MWD, GMD and SMC. In Robinia pseudoacacia and Caragana korshinskii treatments, soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available nitrogen, total phosphorous, and available phosphorus had the highest levels 40 years post-restoration at 0–20 cm, while at 20–40 and 40–60 cm, the highest concentrations were identified 30 years after. In all the treatments, the soil quality index (SQI) was the highest 40 years post-restoration. The values of SQI were always higher in natural grasslands than in Robinia pseudoacacia and Caragana korshinskii treatments. Overall, natural recovery (natural grasslands) is more efficient than afforestation (Robinia pseudoacacia and Caragana korshinskii treatments) in soil quality.

ACS Style

Jing Wang; Wenwu Zhao; Guan Wang; Siqi Yang; Paulo Pereira. Effects of long-term afforestation and natural grassland recovery on soil properties and quality in Loess Plateau (China). Science of The Total Environment 2021, 770, 144833 .

AMA Style

Jing Wang, Wenwu Zhao, Guan Wang, Siqi Yang, Paulo Pereira. Effects of long-term afforestation and natural grassland recovery on soil properties and quality in Loess Plateau (China). Science of The Total Environment. 2021; 770 ():144833.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jing Wang; Wenwu Zhao; Guan Wang; Siqi Yang; Paulo Pereira. 2021. "Effects of long-term afforestation and natural grassland recovery on soil properties and quality in Loess Plateau (China)." Science of The Total Environment 770, no. : 144833.

Journal article
Published: 07 January 2021 in Journal of Soils and Sediments
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Soil moisture is the main factor limiting the growth of vegetation in semiarid areas. A large area of the Loess Plateau has undergone vegetation restoration efforts following an afforestation program initiated in 1999. Understanding how soil moisture responded to afforestation is important for long-term sustainability of ecological restoration measures in this area, especially because the tree planted were non-native species. The effects on soil moisture content (SMC) of afforestation (Robinia pseudoacacia and Caragana korshinskii) were measured for different plantation ages (10, 20, 30, and 40 years) on the Loess Plateau. Meanwhile, a comparative with natural restoration grassland for the same age intervals was conducted. SMC of R. pseudoacacia plots on south-facing slopes and R. pseudoacacia and C. korshinskii plots on north-facing slopes was lowest when vegetation coverage was greatest after 20 and 30 years, respectively; SMC increases over time following natural grassland restoration; soil moisture consumption of all vegetation types was greater in the shallow soil layer (20–200 cm) than in the deep soil layer (200–500 cm) in each recovery period; and based on a three-way ANOVA, the interaction among afforestation year, vegetation type, and soil depth had significant effects on SMC. In response to societal demand for wood, existing plantations should be thinned, with afforested lands located on north-facing slopes being thinned every 10–30 years (approximately 20 years).

ACS Style

Jing Wang; Wenwu Zhao; Lizhi Jia; Xiangping Hu; Francesco Cherubini. Soil desiccation trends after afforestation in the Loess Plateau of China. Journal of Soils and Sediments 2021, 21, 1165 -1176.

AMA Style

Jing Wang, Wenwu Zhao, Lizhi Jia, Xiangping Hu, Francesco Cherubini. Soil desiccation trends after afforestation in the Loess Plateau of China. Journal of Soils and Sediments. 2021; 21 (2):1165-1176.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jing Wang; Wenwu Zhao; Lizhi Jia; Xiangping Hu; Francesco Cherubini. 2021. "Soil desiccation trends after afforestation in the Loess Plateau of China." Journal of Soils and Sediments 21, no. 2: 1165-1176.

Erratum
Published: 05 January 2021 in Science of The Total Environment
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ACS Style

Siqi Yang; Wenwu Zhao; Paulo Pereira. Corrigendum to “Determinations of environmental factors on interactive soil propertiesacross different land-use types on the Loess Plateau, China” [Sci. Total Environ. 738 (2020) 140270–140279/STOTEN-S-20-12147]. Science of The Total Environment 2021, 762, 144681 .

AMA Style

Siqi Yang, Wenwu Zhao, Paulo Pereira. Corrigendum to “Determinations of environmental factors on interactive soil propertiesacross different land-use types on the Loess Plateau, China” [Sci. Total Environ. 738 (2020) 140270–140279/STOTEN-S-20-12147]. Science of The Total Environment. 2021; 762 ():144681.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Siqi Yang; Wenwu Zhao; Paulo Pereira. 2021. "Corrigendum to “Determinations of environmental factors on interactive soil propertiesacross different land-use types on the Loess Plateau, China” [Sci. Total Environ. 738 (2020) 140270–140279/STOTEN-S-20-12147]." Science of The Total Environment 762, no. : 144681.

Journal article
Published: 02 January 2021 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Infectious diseases have caused some of the most feared plagues and greatly harmed human health. However, despite the qualitative understanding that the occurrence and diffusion of infectious disease is related to the environment, the quantitative relations are unknown for many diseases. Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne virus that poses a fatal threat and has spread explosively throughout the world, impacting human health. From a geographical perspective, this study aims to understand the global hotspots of ZIKV as well as the spatially heterogeneous relationship between ZIKV and environmental factors using exploratory special data analysis (ESDA) model. A geographically weighted regression (GWR) model was used to analyze the influence of the dominant environmental factors on the spread of ZIKV at the continental scale. The results indicated that ZIKV transmission had obvious regional and seasonal heterogeneity. Population density, GDP per capita, and landscape fragmentation were the dominant environmental factors affecting the spread of ZIKV, which indicates that social factors had a greater influence than natural factors on the spread of it. As SARS-CoV-2 is spreading globally, this study can provide methodological reference for fighting against the pandemic.

ACS Style

Jie Li; Kun Jia; Yanxu Liu; Bo Yuan; Mu Xia; Wenwu Zhao. Spatiotemporal Distribution of Zika Virus and Its Spatially Heterogeneous Relationship with the Environment. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 290 .

AMA Style

Jie Li, Kun Jia, Yanxu Liu, Bo Yuan, Mu Xia, Wenwu Zhao. Spatiotemporal Distribution of Zika Virus and Its Spatially Heterogeneous Relationship with the Environment. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (1):290.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jie Li; Kun Jia; Yanxu Liu; Bo Yuan; Mu Xia; Wenwu Zhao. 2021. "Spatiotemporal Distribution of Zika Virus and Its Spatially Heterogeneous Relationship with the Environment." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 1: 290.