Background/Objectives: Thiadiazine thione (THTT) has gained significant interest owing to its pharmacological potentials, particularly its antiparasitic and anti-inflammatory properties. Leishmaniasis is a clinical syndrome caused by infection with Leishmania species and is associated with an inflammatory response and nociception. The available treatments against leishmaniasis are inadequate, as they are associated with high cost, toxicity, and increased resistance. Methods: In the current study, the antileishmanial potential of five Thiadiazine thione derivatives (C1–C5) was evaluated in vivo against Leishmania tropica. Experiments were performed on BALB/c mice infected with promastigotes and treated with THTT derivatives for 15 days. Additionally, the derivatives were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, antipyretic, and antisedative properties using standardized models, including carrageenan-induced paw edema, acetic acid-induced abdominal writhes, yeast-induced fever, and white wood apparatus, respectively. Results: Of the tested derivatives, C5 exhibited the most promising results, with a 61.78% reduction in lesion size and significant decrease in parasite load. Among the derivatives, C1 showed the highest anti-inflammatory activity, with 63.66% inhibition in the paw edema test at the 5th hour post treatment. In the antipyretic assay, C1 and C5 were able to reduce body temperature to a normal level within 1 h of treatment. Furthermore, compounds C4, C2, and C1 showed high nociceptive activity, while C1 and C5 demonstrated the most notable antisedative effects (94 ± 2 and 92 ± 1, respectively), outperforming the standard drug diazepam (13 ± 1). Conclusion: These in vivo findings suggest that THTT derivatives have the potential to serve as a template for developing leishmanicidal drugs, with added anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties.

| The present study was conducted in Veterinary Research Institute (VRI) District Peshawar from January, 2016 to August, 2016. A total of 200 samples were tested including 40 samples from each Liver, Kidney, Heart, Lungs and Intestines. Mac-Conkey agar was used for culture. The RapID-ONE-System was used for identification of Salmonella species. Different antibiotics, Ciprofloxacin, Gentamicin, Levofloxacin Ampicillin, Tetracyclin , and Azithromycin were used against Salmonella species. The prevalence rate was observed as S. gallinarum 63.33 % S. pullorum 35% and S. typhimurium 1.66 %. The most prevalence was found 35% in liver and 30% in intestines. Ampicillin was more resistant (76.66%) followed by Gentamicin 75%. While the highest sensitivity/susceptibility rate was 51.66 % observed by Levofloxacin. It was concluded from the current study that Salmonella have high resistance against certain antibiotics. and the drugs like Ampicillin showed reduced action against Salmonella infection. The resistance pattern of the drugs against Salmonella is uniformly changing therefore it is suggested that there may be a continuous research study to evaluate the resistance of the Salmonella and haphazard use of antibiotics may be discouraged.