Shading interferes with the weed's biology, which can change their sensitivity to post-emergence herbicides. The objective was to evaluate the control of Merremia cissoides with glyphosate in full sunlight and shade conditions in two plant growth stages (30 and 73 days after sowing (DAS)). At 30 and 73 DAS, treatments were established in a 2 × 5 and 2 × 6 factorial scheme, respectively. In both experiments, the growth environments constituted the first factor, and the glyphosate doses the second factor. Shading promoted 50 and 40% reductions in glyphosate doses at 30 and 73 DAS, respectively. At 73 DAS, M. cissoides is 177.77 and 131.48% more tolerant to glyphosate than 30 DAS in shading and full sunlight, respectively. Due to the increase in glyphosate tolerance as the plant grows, the management of M. cissoides should be carried out until the stage of six fully expanded leaves. Increasing glyphosate doses reduced the quantum yield of photosystem II and electron transport rate (ETR) in both growth environments, with ETR data showing a high negative correlation with the control. The doses reductions promoted by shading and glyphosate application in the initial growth stage of M. cissoides reduces costs and the negative environmental impacts of this herbicide use.

O feijão é um vegetal pertencente à família das fabáceas e de relevante importância alimentar. Objetivou-se com o trabalho avaliar a influência do fertilizante mineral, biofertilizante e pó de rocha e a interação entre os fertilizantes na produtividade e qualidade das sementes de feijão. Os tratamentos utilizados foram T1 (testemunha - controle); T2 (150 kg/ha de fertilizante mineral); T3 (4 ton/ha de fertilizante pó de rocha); T4 (120 litros/ha de biofertilizante); T5 (150 kg/ha de fertilizante mineral + 120 litros/ha de biofertilizante); T6 (4 ton/ha de fertilizante pó de rocha + 120 litros/ha de biofertilizante); T7 (150 kg/ha de fertilizante mineral + 4 ton/ha de fertilizante pó de rocha + 120 litros/ha de biofertilizante). Realizaram-se análises dos componentes de produção, produtividade e qualidade das sementes. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey. Concluiu-se que a aplicação de diferentes fontes de fertilizantes não altera significativamente os componentes de produção altura, diâmetro do caule, inserção da primeira folha, número de vagens por planta, grãos por planta, produtividade e as variáveis da qualidade de sementes: germinação, massa seca de plântulas e condutividade elétrica na cultura do feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris L.).

The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of rock powder in the phytoremediation of Inceptisol (sandy loam) and Oxisol (clay) contaminated with diuron. Canavalia ensiformis plants were grown in pots containing 7.5 kg of both soils, with doses of 0, 4, and 8 t ha⁻¹ of rock powder. Diuron was applied in doses ranging from 875 to 3500 g of a.i. ha⁻¹. The injury level was assessed at 42 days after emergence (DAE), and the morphological characteristics were assessed at 120 DAE. After phytoremediation, the soil was analyzed using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and by bioassay with cucumber (Cucumis sativus) to detect diuron. In Oxisol, no injury was observed, and the rock powder (4 t ha⁻¹) benefited the growth of C. ensiformis regardless of the dose of diuron. In Inceptisol, the greatest reduction in growth occurred with 3500 g a.i. ha⁻¹ of diuron and 8 t ha⁻¹ of rock powder. Diuron was detected after 120 days in Inceptisol with 2625 g a.i. ha⁻¹ without rock powder and 3500 g a.i. ha⁻¹ with and without rock powder. The cucumber bioindicator in Inceptisol showed an increase in the level of injury as the dose of diuron increased. The rock powder favored the growth of C. ensiformis and was able to phytoremediate high concentrations of diuron, which supports the safe use of this herbicide for weed control, minimizing environmental impacts.

Among weed control methods, chemical control using herbicides is one of the most widely employed due to its practicality and efficiency. However, there is still a lack of reliable information regarding the effectiveness of low-volume spraying and the droplet spectrum for contact herbicides, such as fomesafen. The objective was to determine the spray volume and droplet spectrum for applying the fomesafen herbicide and its efficacy in controlling hairy beggarticks (Bidens pilosa) and littlebell (Ipomoea triloba). The herbicide was applied using a CO₂-pressurized knapsack sprayer with TT11002 spray tip spaced at 0.50 m, operating at pressures of 100 kPa (very coarse droplets) and 400 kPa (medium-sized droplets) with spray volumes of 35, 70, 140, and 280 L ha^-1, obtained by varying the application speed. At the time of application, the percentage of covered area and droplet density (droplets cm^-²) were evaluated on water-sensitive paper labels using the DropScope^® program. The best control results for hairy beggarticks were achieved when the application was performed with very coarse droplets at a pressure of 100 kPa, with a spray volume between 65 and 280 L ha^-1, droplet density exceeding 60 droplets cm^-2, and coverage greater than 10%. Fomesafen does not provide effective control of littlebell.

Research aimed at investigating the ideal plant arrangement system of common beans under intercropping with castor hybrids is necessary, as intercropping is a common practice in Brazil, and this practice affects the morphophysiological behavior of both crops. The objective of this study was to evaluate the consociation systems of common bean plants with small-sized castor hybrid, in three agricultural years, in the edaphoclimatic conditions of the Cerrado of Goiás, Brazil. In the three experiments, the randomized block design with four repetitions was used, involving the combination of five simultaneous sowing systems: beans sown on the castor row, on the inter-row, on the row + inter-row and beans and castor in monocropping. The bean cultivar used was Pérola; for castor the Agima hybrid was used. The plant height, primary yield components and the yield of the beans were evaluated, while for castor was evaluated the plant height, stem diameter, number of racemes per plant, plus the yield, in addition to the area equivalence index (AEI) to verify the efficiency of the intercropping. The arrangement of bean plants cv. Pérola on row and row + inter-row of the Agima 110204 castor hybrid provides higher yields of the legume. The yield of castor hybrids is not influenced by the common bean crop. The growing of common bean and the castor hybrid in the intercropping system is more efficient than the monocropping of both crops.

O grão-de-bico (Cicer arietinum L.) é uma leguminosa de grande importância, sobretudo para a saúde, sendo fonte de proteínas, carboidratos, minerais, vitaminas e fibras. Suas sementes podem apresentar diferenças na variabilidade dimensional, sendo importante a padronização por tamanho, com o intuito de facilitar a operação de semeadura e permitir a obtenção de uma população de plantas capaz de propiciar os melhores rendimentos por área. Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho estudar o efeito do tamanho das sementes de grão-de-bico, cultivar BRS Cicero, na sua qualidade fisiológica. Para isso, as sementes foram classificadas em quatro classes de tamanho, com auxílio de quatro peneiras de crivo circular, com 10, 9, 8 e 7 mm de diâmetro. Portanto, os tratamentos foram constituídos por quatro classes de tamanhos de sementes e um lote sem classificação (Controle). Para comparação, efetuaram-se as seguintes análises: teor de água, peso de 1000 sementes, teste de germinação, teste de condutividade elétrica, emergência em areia, índice de velocidade de emergência, envelhecimento acelerado e teste de tetrazólio. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, com os dados submetidos à análise de variância e a comparação entre as médias realizadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. As sementes de grão-de-bico da classe 7 apresentaram menor germinação e vigor. As sementes de grão-de-bico da classe 10 apresentaram elevados índices de danos mecânicos. Recomenda-se a utilização de sementes classificadas em peneiras 8 e 9 milímetros.