The Arctic region is rich in energy resources and plays a critical role in global shipping. Consequently, countries worldwide prioritize the formulation of strategies for this region. Research on water entry has predominantly focused on water-only scenarios, with relatively little attention given to the more complex conditions involving floating ice. This study combines numerical simulations and experiments to investigate the ice-breaking water entry of slender bodies. The findings suggest that, during the water entry of a slender body, floating ice affects the diffusion and contraction of the liquid at the gas–liquid interface, which in turn influences air inflow and cavitation development. This alters the formation and evolution of the cavity. By inducing variations in cavity shape and altering cavity collapse time, the hydrodynamic and ballistic properties of the projectile are ultimately affected.

The Arctic ice layer serves as an excellent cover for strategic nuclear submarine forces, but it also poses significant challenges when submarines surface. This paper proposes a method for breaking through the ice layer and surfacing in polar environments based on the principle of resonance. This method eliminates the need for direct contact between the submarine and the ice layer, solving the current issues with submarine ice-breaking methods that demand high strength from the submarine and pose risks to both the submarine and its crew. Through theoretical analysis, numerical simulation and experimental verification, the vibration characteristics and fracture mechanism of the ice layer under the action of excitation loads were studied. Experiments showed that when the excitation frequency matched the fundamental eigenfrequency Ω1 of the ice layer, obvious resonance occurred and cracks appeared in the ice layer. A dynamic model of the ice layer was established using Abaqus software, and modal extraction and stress analysis were carried out. The error between the Ω1 obtained by numerical simulation and the experimental results was only 0.53%, verifying the reliability of the model. After applying the excitation load with a frequency of Ω1, the stress in the ice layer gradually expanded to the strength limit of the ice, achieving an ice-breaking effect consistent with the experimental results. Experimental and simulation results showed that the use of Ω1 for resonance ice-breaking had the best effect. When the ice layer resonated, the stress increased first and then stabilized, and cracks occurred before the stress stabilized to achieve the ice-breaking effect.

This study investigates how the traditional Chinese “philosophy of self-cultivation and awakening” (xiu-wu) can be systematically harnessed to foster Higher-Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) among undergraduates. Through historical–philosophical reconstruction and conceptual analysis, the study distills three recurring instructional principles—gradual cultivation (jian-xiu), gradual awakening (jian-wu), and sudden awakening (dun-wu), and their dialectical synthesis, and re-casts them as design parameters for thinking-centered instruction. These principles are then translated into a macro-level instructional metaphor, the Bridge-Building Model, which sequences curricular elements as bridge piers (the teaching process of “gradual cultivation”), bridge deck (student-constructed “an isolated fragments of knowing”), and final closure (holistic knowledge). The model integrates constructivist, behaviorist and intuitive dimensions: repetitive, scaffolded tasks foster behavioral automaticity; guided reflection precipitates incremental insight; and calibrated “epistemic shocks” elicit sudden reorganization of conceptual schemata. The framework clarifies the locus, timing and contingency of each phase while acknowledging the metaphysical indeterminacy of ultimate “holistic” mastery. By translating classical Chinese pedagogical insights into operational design heuristics, the paper offers higher-education instructors a culturally grounded, theoretically coherent blueprint for systematically nurturing HOTS without sacrificing the spontaneity essential to creative cognition.

This study introduced the Digital Image Correlation (DIC) technique into the axial tensile and compression tests of ice materials. The surface strain distribution measured by DIC was compared with experimental phenomena to verify the accuracy of DIC measurement technology. Additionally, the strain data obtained from DIC were used to correct the stress–strain rate curves of ice materials under axial tension and compression, as measured by the universal testing machine. The study found that the constitutive relationship of a type of ice material under tension and compression can be fitted to a bi-linear model. After correction, the bi-linear two-stage moduli of the ice specimens frozen at −30 °C during tensile testing were approximately ${\overline{E}}_1$ = 687.50 MPa and ${\overline{E}}_2$ = 1.12 GPa; During compression, the bi-linear two-stage moduli are approximately ${\overline{E}}_1^{\prime }$ = 1.521 GPa and ${\overline{E}}_2^{\prime }$ = 7.734 GPa. The above research results are similar to those of previous studies and have a high degree of credibility. The mechanical properties of ice materials were found to be more stable at a freezing temperature of −30 °C compared to −10 °C. When microcracks form in ice materials under load, these cracks may refreeze internally, leading to viscoelastic behavior in the early stages of loading.