In the modern world, the terms enterprise value and valuation are of great importance. Knowledge about how much an enterprise is worth is of fundamental importance for both the owner of that company and investors when negotiating the price of an enterprise at the time of conducting a commercial transaction. The article presents the goals of the company’s valuation and characteristic stages of the company’s life at which such valuation is necessary. The article classifies the methods of enterprise valuation used today. On this basis, the valuation methodology is presented according to the MDI-R concept (Assets, Income, Intellectual Capital-Market), which in a broad spectrum measures the effectiveness of the company’s operations and, in accordance with the current features of good valuation, aims to determine the fair value of the company. The purpose of the article is to demonstrate the need to improve the code of conduct and valuation standards. As part of the implementation of the objective, multi-faceted and complex valuation issues are presented, as well as factors that may distort the determination of fair value. The methodology of the study is based on inferences about the methodology of business valuation, and verification is based on practical examples, by which a hypothesis on the existence of critical elements of valuation is verified that allows the use of broad subjectivity in estimating the value of assets. At the same time, the factors that determine the possibility of the existence of too wide a subjectivity in estimating assets, which is in contradiction with the features of good valuation, are presented. The attempt is made to draw attention to the threats arising from modern business valuation methodologies and their challenges in the future. Additionally, this article offers the authors’ proposed hybrid method MDI-R, which draws from existing solutions to improve their functionality and applicability.

In the field of economic analysis, the study of the EU ETS policy has primarily focused on the impact of renewable energy consumption on economic growth, as well as the role of legal and fiscal instruments in the development of clean energy. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the EU ETS policy in altering the energy mix of selected European countries, providing both cognitive and applicational value. The evaluation of the effectiveness of this policy focused on the structure of the energy mix and the relationship between rising CO₂ emission allowance prices and the decreasing share of coal in the energy mix. The goal was achieved through statistical analysis of secondary sources, primarily sourced from Bloomberg (2016–2024). The research findings indicated that changes in the structure of energy sources varied across the studied European countries, due to the adopted energy source utilization strategy, resource availability, and geopolitical situations. Additionally, different correlation values were noted between rising CO₂ emission allowance prices and the expected reduction in fossil fuel use. Therefore, the EU ETS policy does not fulfill its assigned role—its implementation contributes to disparities in the economic situations of European economies and creates conditions for unequal competition.

In the area of the European Union (EU) energy policy, among the entities involved in the process of financing investments in renewable energy sources (RESs), the European Investment Bank (EIB) plays a particularly important role. Therefore, the aim of the research was to identify the relationship between the EIB’s financing of RES projects and the level of energy transition, measured by the share of RES in gross final energy consumption (RE). The goal was achieved using quantitative methods and a two-way fixed-effects panel model FE (country and year), based on data from EIB, Eurostat, World Bank, OECD, EDGAR, and Our World in Data for 2012–2023. As a result of the research, it was determined that the scale of EIB financing alone does not translate into short-term growth of the RE in the examined sample (EU countries). Indeed, the effectiveness of funding depends on the regulatory and institutional context; the grid’s ability to absorb new capacities (throughput, storage, demand flexibility); and from the time horizon (delayed materialization of effects). Increasing the efficiency of converting euros into RE percentage points requires better targeting (power + grid), simplification of procedures and good financial assembly with the right allocation of risks.

The pursuit of sustainable development in the implementation of EU energy policy concerns, among other things, the area of trading greenhouse gas emission allowances. The increasing price volatility in the European Union Allowances (EUA) market necessitates the implementation of hedging strategies to minimize the impact of price risk on the operational performance of European enterprises. An intriguing research goal (both in terms of cognitive and practical applications) was to compare the effectiveness of hedging strategies for purchasing EUA in three scenarios: (1) without hedging; (2) hedging based on an unconditional instrument; and (3) hedging based on a conditional instrument. The analysis was conducted on a theoretical-comparative variant and on the example of an entity operating in the real economy. The research objectives were supported by the following methods: 1. Data collection, which included a review of the literature on hedging EUA purchases in the context of connections with financial risk management theories and corporate responsibility, as well as connections with EU ETS policy regulations. 2. Data processing, which involved a quantitative analysis of data mainly from the ICE Endex exchange and its historical quotations (2016–September 2024), including the determination of option pricing using the Black–Scholes model. 3. Expert judgment was used to justify the time frames adopted for the research. The findings revealed that the use of hedging in EUA purchases was effective and led to a reduction in the overall cost of acquisition throughout the analyzed period. The effectiveness of hedging based on an unconditional instrument, such as a futures contract, was higher than that of hedging based on a conditional instrument, such as an option. The results obtained provide a good basis for continuing research on the effectiveness of EUA hedging in extreme scenarios and in conditions of increased volatility. This research approach is justified by the upcoming dismantling of climate initiatives starting in 2025, related to the USA’s withdrawal from the Paris Agreement.