The Pelton turbine is an ideal choice for developing high-head hydropower resources. However, its cantilever-beam structure exposes the runner to intense alternating loads from high-velocity jets, causing localized high stresses, structural vibrations, and potential bucket fractures, all of which compromise safe operation. This study employs fluid–structure interaction analysis for the numerical investigation of a six-nozzle Pelton turbine to examine its unstable flow characteristics and hydrodynamic excitation under high-velocity jets. Our findings indicate that low-order frequencies primarily induce overall runner oscillations, while high-order frequencies result in oscillation, torsional displacement, and localized vibrations. Torsional displacement at the free end of the bucket induces stress concentrations at the root of the bucket and the splitter, the outflow edge, and the cut-out. The amplitudes of stress and displacement are correlated with the nozzle opening, with displacement typically in phase with torque, while stress fluctuations exhibit a phase lag. The stress and displacement values are higher on the bucket’s front, with maximum stress occurring at the bucket root and maximum displacement at the outflow edge, particularly in regions subjected to prolonged jet impact. The dominant frequency of the stress pulsations matches the number of nozzles. This study elucidates the dynamic response of Pelton turbines under high-velocity jets, correlating fluid load with runner dynamics, identifying maximum stress and deformation points, and providing technical support for performance evaluation.

The Pelton turbine has been widely applied for the advantages of its simple structure, flexible mass flow rate, wide range of applicable heads and high efficiency. The nozzle and needle are a core part of the Pelton turbine injector. In this paper, the VOF (Volume of Fluid) model was used to simulate the jet flow behaviors and hydraulic performance for a Pelton injector with a needle tip with different breakage losses. Three types of needle tip breakage loss combined with normal needle tip were selected for numerical calculation and analysis, focusing on the influence of needle tip on the high-speed jet flow characteristics. An injector with normal needle tip hydraulic performance is compared with the model test. Finally, the injector hydraulic performance and the jet flow behavior changes with the needle tip shape were comprehensively analyzed. Results show that the needle tip shape almost does not affect the flow rate; when the tip breakage loss is larger than 0.1 of nozzle diameter, the jet efficiency will decrease rapidly and the jet will diffuse rapidly after outflow from the injector. The investigation provides a basis for the operation, maintenance and stability of the Pelton turbine.