Nerve hydrodissection uses fluid injection under pressure to selectively separate nerves from areas of suspected entrapment; this procedure is increasingly viewed as potentially useful in treating carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). The usage of normal saline (NS), 5% dextrose water (D5W), platelet‐rich plasma (PRP), and hyaluronic acid (HA) as primary injectates for hydrodissection without an anesthetic can limit anesthetic‐related toxicity and preserve the motor functions of the median nerve. Here, we describe a novel motor‐sparing neural injection and compare the effect of these four injectates for severe CTS. We retrospectively reviewed the outcomes of 61 severe CTS cases after a single neural injection with NS, D5W, PRP, or HA. Outcomes were evaluated on the 1^st and 6^th months postinjection, including the Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire (BCTQ) scores and the nerve cross‐sectional area (CSA). The results revealed that PRP, D5W, and HA were more efficient than NS at all measured time points (p < 0.05), except for CSA at the 1^st month between the NS and D5W groups. Single‐injections of PRP and D5W seemed more effective than that of HA within 6 months postinjection for symptom and functional improvement (6^th‐month BCTQ‐symptom, D5W vs. HA, p = 0.047; 1^st‐month BCTQ‐symptom, PRP vs. HA, p = 0.018; 1^st‐ and 6^th‐month BCTQ‐function, D5W vs. HA, p = 0.002 and 0.016, respectively; 1^st‐month BCTQ‐function, PRP vs. HA, p < 0.001). For reducing CSA, PRP and HA seemed more effective than D5W (HA > PRP > D5W on the 1^st month and HA vs. D5W, p = 0.001; PRP > HA > D5W on the 6^th month and PRP vs. D5W, p = 0.012).

Brain organoid technology has seen significant development in recent years. This self-organized, three-dimensional, organ-oriented brain tissue model can recapitulate the process of neurogenesis and consists of diverse cell types and cellular architecture. Transplanting brain organoids in vivo could be a potential tool from bench to clinical research and has been studied for many purposes. To investigate and summarize the methodology, findings, and applications of this novel technique from current evidence, we conducted this systematic review by searching PubMed and the Embase databases for the literature ranging from 2013 to 2024. A total of 480 articles were identified, and 24 of them met the inclusion criteria. The results revealed that brain organoid transplantation had promising graft survival, neural proliferation, differentiation, and maturation, axonal growth, and functional integration into the host neuronal circuit, and has been applied to multiple applications, such as therapeutic usage, cell study platforms, and disease modeling. However, heterogeneity among studies, some significant challenges, and ethical issues remain to be considered. This comprehensive review will provide an update of what is known about this powerful, innovative method and discuss some practical aspects for future research.

Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent degenerative joint disease globally, causing pain, stiffness, and disability. Intravascular laser irradiation of blood (ILIB) has been used for chronic pain and musculoskeletal disease. However, evidence on the clinical benefits and serum biomarkers post-ILIB therapy in knee OA is insufficient. We designed a double-blind randomized controlled trial to evaluate the clinical and biological outcomes of ILIB therapy for knee OA. Seventeen patients with knee OA were randomly assigned to the ILIB and control groups. The outcomes included the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis (WOMAC) Scale, visual analog scale, and biomarker analysis of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-13, IL-1β, epidermal growth factor, macrophage inflammatory protein-1β, and eotaxin. The measurements were performed at baseline and three days, one month, and three months post-intervention. The ILIB group showed a significant improvement in the WOMAC-pain score at one month of follow-up than the control group. IL-1β levels reduced significantly on day three, one month, and three months, and IL-13 levels reduced on day three and three months during follow-up in the ILIB group. ILIB therapy reduced knee OA pain for one month and significantly reduced serum IL-1β and IL-13 levels, suggesting potential for pain management.