Optical fibers with bismuth-doped silicate and germanate glass cores were fabricated by the modified chemical vapor deposition technique (solution and vapor-phase Bi incorporation). The fibers revealed an efficient luminescence with a maximum in the 1050–$1200\mathrm{nm}$ spectral range, FWHM up to $200\mathrm{nm}$, and a lifetime of the order of $1\mathrm{ms}$.

A new type of pulsed fiber laser is suggested and developed—$\mathrm{Yb}–\mathrm{Bi}$ lasers. In such lasers the Yb fiber laser is Q-switched by use of a saturable absorber, a Bi-doped fiber placed in its own resonator, and pulsed lasing is obtained in both fiber lasers. Continous-wave diode-clad pumping of the $\mathrm{Yb}–\mathrm{Bi}$ lasers at a $975\mathrm{nm}$ wavelength with power up to $16.5\mathrm{W}$ results in pulsed laser action in a spectral diapason of $1050–1200\mathrm{nm}$ with a maximum pulse energy of up to $100\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{J}$, an average power up to $7.5\mathrm{W}$, and a repetition rate up to $100\mathrm{kHz}$.

We review the latest breakthroughs in ultrafast fiber laser technology in the mid-IR wavelength range ≥2 μm. In particular, we concentrate on two novel laser systems built around passively mode-locked Tm:fiber lasers and fiber-based Cr:ZnS lasers, generating sub-100 femtosecond pulses and frequency combs with several Watt average output powers, hundreds of kilowatts peak powers and tens of nanojoule pulse energies. The tunability in the broad wavelength range between 2 and 2.5 μm as well as a simple all-silica-fiber design makes the Tm-fiber laser a truly unique broadband light source, particularly relevant for applications in gas sensing, fine material processing of semiconductors, composite materials, glasses and plastics, as well as for brain surgery, breath analysis, remote sensing and stand-off trace gas detection, especially in oil and gas industry. We also review techniques for coherent supercontinuum generation in the mid-IR, including a novel technique of direct generation of the supercontinuum in the fiber. A competing Watt level few-optical cycle Cr:ZnS laser operating at 2.4 μm (Patent pending, ATLA Lasers, Trondheim, Norway) is distinguished by extremely short pulse duration of only 41 fs, reliability and compactness. This unique ultrashort-pulsed laser generates intrinsically coherent frequency combs, which further extends the application range to high-resolution and high-sensitivity spectroscopy and optical clocks.

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Bismuth-doped fiber lasers with efficiency of up to 32% at room temperature and up to 52% at 77 K have been developed. The dependence of the efficiency on the pump power and the pump wavelength is interpreted on the basis of spectroscopic measurements.