Heat stress caused by climatic changes is one of the most significant stresses on livestock in hot and dry areas. It has particularly adverse effects on the ability of the breed to maintain homeothermy. Developing countries are advised to protect and prepare their animal resources in the face of potential threats such as climate change. The current study was conducted in Egypt’s three hot and dry agro-ecological zones. Three local sheep breeds (Saidi, Wahati, and Barki) were studied with a total of 206 ewes. The animals were exercised under natural heat stress. The heat tolerance index of the animals was calculated to identify animals with high and low heat tolerance based on their response to meteorological and physiological parameters. Genomic variation in these breeds was assessed using 64,756 single nucleotide polymorphic markers (SNPs). From the perspective of comparative adaptability to harsh conditions, our objective was to investigate the genomic structure that might control the adaptability of local sheep breeds to environmental stress under hot and dry conditions. In addition, indices of population structure and diversity of local breeds were examined. Measures of genetic diversity showed a significant influence of breed and location on populations. The standardized index of association (rbarD) ranged from 0.0012 (Dakhla) to 0.026 (Assuit), while for the breed, they ranged from 0.004 (Wahati) to 0.0103 (Saidi). The index of association analysis (I^a) ranged from 1.42 (Dakhla) to 35.88 (Assuit) by location and from 6.58 (Wahati) to 15.36 (Saidi) by breed. The most significant SNPs associated with heat tolerance were found in the MYO5A, PRKG1, GSTCD, and RTN1 genes (p ≤ 0.0001). MYO5A produces a protein widely distributed in the melanin-producing neural crest of the skin. Genetic association between genetic and phenotypic variations showed that OAR1_18300122.1, located in ST3GAL3, had the greatest positive effect on heat tolerance. Genome-wide association analysis identified SNPs associated with heat tolerance in the PLCB1, STEAP3, KSR2, UNC13C, PEBP4, and GPAT2 genes.

The study investigated subtropical Egyptian goat populations (382 does) from different hot dry ecological zones (Upper Egypt, Coastal Zone of Western Desert, and New Valley Desert Oasis) to identify genes associated with tolerance to heat stress. Animals were encouraged to walk for 7 km under direct solar radiation from 12:00 to 14:00 pm in July and August (imitating summer grazing on poor pasture under hot dry conditions). Temperature Humidity Index (THI) ranged from 98.6 to 109.3, indicating that the animals were under severe heat stress. Physiological parameters were measured at rest (7:00 am) and after exposure to heat stress (14.00 pm). Animal heat tolerant index (AHTI) was estimated from their response in the four main physiological parameters ranged from (0: high tolerant to 4: low tolerant). The GWAS analysis revealed 90 marker SNPs associated with heat stress in 108 genotypes of Egyptian goat. Ninety markers are found in forty-seven distinct genes distributed across the genome. In terms of the markers (SNPs) that have direct effect on these traits via homozygous alleles, twenty-eight SNPs are connected to heat stress. The snpeff approach revealed that KDM6A, TRPM3, USP54, GLTSCR2, NAALADL2, GATAD2A, CTNNA2, LOC102175876, ZBTB8A, ETNPPL, LRRC43, SNTB1, RPS6KA5, and ARHGAP26 genes influence tolerance to heat stress. These genes offer crucial insights into the biological mechanisms that enhance resilience to elevated temperature conditions. The studied subtropical Egyptian goat breeds showed a high ability to tolerate heat stress and identifying these genomic loci can be utilized to monitor and control tolerance of subtropical goat to heat stress, while maintaining their production performance.

Egyptian local sheep breeds are widely spread over the country; raised mainly by smallholders and contribute significantly to their livelihood. Local breeds are well adapted to the prevailing hot dry conditions, and limited feed resources. They are fat-tailed sheep, open coarse wool and raised mainly for meat and lamb production. There are four major sheep breeds in Egypt; Rahmani sheep in north-Delta, Ossimi sheep in Mid-Egypt, Barki sheep in the Mediterranean coastal zone, and Saidi sheep in Upper Egypt. Minor local breeds are Fallahi, Wahati, Abudeleik, and Suhagi sheep located mainly in the south and in boarder governorates. Special and unique phenotypic characteristics are described for each breed. Production performance of the main local breeds include body weights, carcass quality, wool, and milk production, are tabulated as reported in the literature. Reproduction performance involving age at puberty, estrous, and breeding activity are discussed. Adaptability of local breeds to the prevailing subtropical environment, specially heat stress are presented. Key issues as the advantages of the local breeds, within the ongoing debate on breeding adapted law producing local animals, vs. high producing low tolerant exogenous breeds are discussed. Improvement programs for local sheep breeds requires sort of nucleus flock structure, as breeders association or village flocks, and the utilization of the recent findings of genomic analysis.

The present work aims to investigate adaptation of local Wahati sheep ( Farafra) and Wahati goats in the breeders’ flocks, to summer heat stress of desert oasis in the New Valley , Egypt. The study involved , 9 flocks from ; El Dakhla, EL Kharga and El Farafra oasis . Total animals covered were 113 mature Wahati ewes and 100 mature Wahati does. Animals were exposed to summer heat stress (SHS) under solar radiation, from 12 pm to 2 pm in July 2018 and 2019. THI during exposure , averaged 101.8 and 103.8, respectively; indicating that animals were under severe heat stress. Exposing the animals to summer heat stress, significantly increased their physiological body parameters. Rectal temperature (RT) increased by 1.00 C; where skin temperature (ST) increased by 9.5 and 9.00 C, in only two species, respectively. These can be attributed to high intensity of solar radiation under desert oasis conditions. The major changes with SHS were in the respiratory rate (RR) as the main mechanism practiced by desert sheep and goats to get rid of the extra heat load through respiration. Accelerating RR, was not sufficient to cope with the severe heat stress load, so animals practiced deep breathing (increase gas volume); which was more recognizable in sheep than in goats. Species variation in response to heat stress can be attributed, for a great extent, to differences in their body size and coat. The smaller the animal size, the lesser changes in their physiological body parameters with heat stress.