Background: Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder characterized by an ongoing propensity to experience recurrent seizures. Public awareness varies significantly across different countries. The lack of awareness may lead to misconceptions, which in turn may affect the quality of care for these patients. Aim: This study aims to assess public awareness and social attitudes toward patients with epilepsy among the general population in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. Methods: A questionnaire -based cross-sectional study was conducted, targeting the general population of Makkah, Saudi Arabia. Data were collected anonymously from participants who met our inclusion criteria via electronic data collection Google Forms distributed through social media platforms. Questionnaires included participants' demographic data and details about their awareness regarding epilepsy, attitude, and anticipated behaviors. The eligible persons were asked to fill out the study questionnaire completely. Results: A total of 1,126 eligible participants completed the study questionnaire. The participants' ages ranged from 18 to over 60, with a mean age of 32.1 +/- 13.9 years. Of these participants, 849 (75.4%) were female. Interestingly, 97% of the participants reported that they had heard about epilepsy. A total of 96.7% do not think epilepsy is contiguous. Exactly 350 (31.1%) had an overall good knowledge and awareness regarding epilepsy. The most reported sources included relatives/friends (46.8%), internet (38.5%), and personal experience (27.9%). A total of 337 (29.9%) reported that they know how to deal with a seizure. Conclusion: Our study revealed that the sampled population of Makkah is aware of epilepsy on a superficial level, but approximately one out each three participants in Makkah were knowledgeable regarding epilepsy and related causes overall. The overall attitude is positive. A well -targeted educational campaign, designed by physicians as trustful sources, is recommended.

Restless legs syndrome or Willis-Ekbom disease (RLS/WED) is a sleep-related movement disorder characterized by an urge to move the legs. This impulse is usually accompanied by an uncomfortable and unpleasant sensation in the legs, which worsens at night and during periods of inactivity and is relieved by movement. Several studies in the literature reported the association between RLS and different antipsychotic medications. with Olanzapine, Quetiapine, and Clozapine identified as the most common causes. The literature suggests that the development of RLS in antipsychotic users may be attributed to the inhibition of dopaminergic neurotransmission or the impact of antipsychotics on iron metabolism. Diagnosing antipsychotic-induced RLS remains a substantial challenge in clinical practice, with challenges in the management of this condition also being widely reported in the current literature. In this article, we will review the evidence suggesting the association between RLS and the use of antipsychotic medications, differentiate between RLS and other movement disorders, and give a brief review of the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of RLS and its challenges among psychotic patients.

Objectives: The aim of this study is to assess the awareness level and knowledge about multiple sclerosis (MS) disease among the general population in the Western region of Saudi Arabia. Methods: This study was a community-based cross-sectional descriptive study carried on by an online questionnaire, previously validated in published studies, to all residents in the western region of Saudi Arabia who successfully fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria a total number of 4038. Results: Out of the total number of respondents (n=3,536), the majority 46% (1,625) showed a low level of knowledge, while 31% (1,116) have an average level of knowledge, and 22.5% (795) have a high level of knowledge. Various factors including age, gender and socioeconomic status showed a potential association. Conclusion: This community-based survey showed a low level of knowledge in regard to MS in the Western region of Saudi Arabia. Multiple variables showed potential associations that can be utilized to efficiently direct governmental and non-governmental health organizations' efforts to maximize awareness of this condition to aid early recognition and early treatment in the hope of better outcomes.

Stroke is the second leading cause of death and disability globally. However, the quality of life and rehabilitation outcomes of stroke survivors are greatly impacted by non-motor sequelae, such as cognitive impairment, emotional problems, exhaustion, sleep abnormalities, and post-stroke depression. Post-stroke therapy often neglects the common non-motor problems that are often overlooked in the treatment process. This overview provides a comprehensive summary of current therapeutic therapies for non-motor stroke sequelae, focusing on both pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches. Pharmacological interventions for non-motor symptoms, such as cholinesterase inhibitors, psychostimulants, and antidepressants, have shown varying effectiveness. In addition to paralysis and motor disability, many non-motor symptoms related to stroke involve a wide range of manifestations such as aphasia, visual impairment, hemineglect, sleep disorders, depression, and cognitive impairment, all of which significantly impact the quality of life of stroke survivors. Effective management of these non-motor symptoms is crucial for promoting successful recovery and rehabilitation. This review provides a comprehensive review of the latest evidence-based non-pharmacological interventions for addressing non-motor symptoms of stroke to optimize recovery, minimize disability, and improve the quality of life of stroke patients. Non-pharmacological interventions like cognitive rehabilitation, psychotherapy, physical exercise, mindfulness-based therapy, and neuromodulation methods like transcranial magnetic stimulation are increasingly recognized for their comprehensive and complementary benefits. New research indicates that interdisciplinary treatment plans are the most effective in addressing the diverse non-motor stroke post-effects. This review underscores the necessity for more clinical trials, personalized intervention strategies, and standardized evaluation instruments to enhance stroke survivors' recovery and overall well-being.

Background: While efforts have been made to control meningococcal disease or carriage during mass gatherings (MGs), it is still a significant problem. This meta-analysis aims to assess the prevalence and predictors of meningitis carriage during MGs and travel. Methodology: PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Cochrane were searched from their conception to January 2025. Cohort and cross-sectional studies assessing the prevalence of meningitis carriage and its serotype related to MGs and/or travel, and risk factors associated with its spread, were considered. The Newcastle–Ottawa scale was used for the quality assessment of studies. Results: Out of 1301 studies, 25 were considered for this meta-analysis. The largest geographic area involved was Saudi Arabia. A meta-analysis of 24 studies identified a pooled prevalence rate of meningococcal disease or carriage of 15.9% (95%CI: 4.45–27.4%) and the most frequent infecting organisms to be Serotype C (13.9%; 95%CI: −14.7 to 42.5; 4 studies) and A (11.5%; 95%CI: −2.13 to 25.2; 9 studies) among those at MGs or traveling. Age, gender, smoking history, and the vaccination status did not affect the infection risk. Conclusions: There is an increased prevalence of meningococcal disease and carriage, especially Serogroups A and C, associated with MGs and travel. New interventions and methodologies should be undertaken to control and prevent meningococcal disease or carriage transmission during such events.

Purpose: Blood Lp(a) concentration is recognized as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Population-based lipoprotein(a) (Lp[a]) research in Saudi Arabia is rare. Thus, the primary goal of this pilot study was to identify age- and sex-specific reference ranges for Lp(a) levels, in addition to the associations between Lp(a) levels and other atherosclerotic markers in Saudi individuals. Patients and methods: A five-year retrospective study of Lp(a) and lipid markers in Saudi patients was conducted using the Al-Borg diagnostics database (2015– 2020). The population sample consisted of 361 Saudi individuals aged 18– 93 years (162 males, 199 females). An immunoturbidimetric technique was used to determine Lp(a) concentration. Results: The mean and median Lp(a) levels in the study population were 35 nmol/L and 50 nmol/L, respectively. Sex and age did not influence Lp(a) values. Lp(a) values showed a minor correlation with other atherosclerotic markers when the Pearson correlation coefficient was used. In Saudi Arabia, the distribution of Lp(a) concentrations is skewed to the left, favoring lower values. Conclusion: Lp(a) levels in individuals residing in Saudi Arabia were comparable to those observed in other ethnic groups. Additionally, standardizing Lp(a) measurements according to sex and age may enhance broader applicability and facilitate comparisons across different populations. However, larger studies are required to provide more comprehensive data for comparison.