Agriculture takes the lion’s share to Ethiopia’s economy, serving as the main source of employment, income, and food security for smallholder farmers. However, the sector remains highly vulnerable to climate change due to its heavy reliance on erratic rainfall. This study aimed to identify the determinants of Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) practice adoption and assess its impact on the food security of smallholder farmers. A cross-sectional survey of 260 smallholder farmers was conducted using multistage sampling. The Multivariate Probit Model was employed to identify adoption determinants, while the Endogenous Treatment Effect model was used to estimate CSA’s impact on food security. Findings revealed that farmers were most likely to adopt crop diversification (50.4%), followed by water management (49.9%) and soil and land management (48.3%). The joint adoption probability was 3.02%, while the likelihood of adopting no CSA practices was only 4.5%, indicating strong complementarities among practices. The analysis confirmed both synergies and trade-offs in CSA adoption patterns. The Endogenous Treatment Effect model demonstrated that CSA adoption significantly improved food security, increasing daily calorie intake by 217.59 kcal per capita among adopters compared to non-adopters. The results were robust, supported by strong instrument relevance and model validity. The study concludes that enhancing CSA adoption can significantly improve food security and smallholder livelihoods. Therefore, promoting CSA through field demonstration by development agent works, strengthening cooperatives, irrigation investment, farmer training, and access to affordable credit is recommended to empower farmers, enhance productivity, and support sustainable agricultural development in line with national and global climate resilience goals.

Bread wheat also known as common wheat is one of the most important crops for food security and job opportunities for many smallholders as well as the urban population in Ethiopia. Farmers obtain seed from both formal and informal seed distribution systems. The informal seed sector in the study area is the major supplier of seed for many crops grown in the Womberma district. However, access to the formal seed sector was limited for the farmers. Hence, this study initiated to analyze seed distribution system and determinants of smallholder farmers in selecting seed of bread wheat distribution system in the study areas. The primary data was collected through distributing research questionnaires for the seed distribution systems of bread wheat. The study was based on the data collected from 150 households by using the multistage probability sampling method. The survey result shows that the contribution of public companies for supplying improved bread wheat seed was only 33% whereas 100% of producers confirmed that sources of bread wheat seed were from farm saved and local market which were uncertified leading to production deterioration. In line with these, conducted focus group and key informants confirmed that the major problems of formal seed distribution system were lack of timely supply, price fluctuation, limited quantity, and lack of certified seed suppliers while those of the informal seed distribution system were adulteration, high price, low quality, unable to get the right amount, and lack of timely supply, which concluded that the distribution system was inefficient. The econometrics model was used to analyze determinants of selection in seed distribution system of bread wheat in the study areas. Hence, the result of logit model shows that the level of education, access to credit, household income, extension services, and seed quality significantly and positively influenced farmers’ selection of formal seed distribution system while distance to the nearest seed distribution area influenced negatively the selection of formal seed distribution system in the study areas. Therefore, any concerned bodies should give more attention to establish for farmers formal seed distribution systems of bread wheat seed so as to increase production and productivity of bread wheat in the study areas.

Tomato cultivation supports the livelihoods of many smallholder farmers, but low productivity and inefficient marketing operations require targeted interventions to improve market supply. This study analyzed the main determinants of tomato market supply, along with its challenges and opportunities, using primary data from 280 producers selected through multistage sampling procedures. A mixed‐method cross‐sectional research design approach was employed, and the collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and a multiple linear regression model. Key challenges included limited access to improved seeds ( N = 91.4% of respondents), uncertified input suppliers, low productivity, poor market linkages ( N = 97.5%), and product perishability ( N = 93.2%), low prices, inadequate market information, unlicensed traders, and minimal value addition. However, favorable agroecology and rising demand for tomato were identified as significant opportunities. The analysis of the regression results revealed that tomato yield ( p ≤ 0.001), livestock ownership ( p ≤ 0.001), access to market information ( p ≤ 0.001), and frequency of extension contact ( p ≤ 0.05) positively influenced market supply, while postharvest losses ( p ≤ 0.001) had a negative significant effect on market supply. Therefore, this study recommends adopting postharvest handling technologies, improving agricultural practices, enhancing value addition, and strengthening crop‐specific extension services to promote tomato market supply.