Alzheimer’s disease, a neurodegenerative brain disorder leading to the progressive decline in cognitive functions, is the most common type of dementia. The main risk factor for its development is aging. Recent studies indicate that cellular senescence mechanisms are among the major factors in a heterogeneous aging process. Cellular senescence is characterized by a permanent proliferative arrest. Many factors might initiate senescence, for example, damage of DNA, shortening of telomeres, dysfunction of mitochondria, and oncogene activation. These processes lead to alterations in the morphology and function of senescent cells. Research is still ongoing to identify one universal marker that could detect senescent cells and distinguish them from other non-proliferating cells. Those cells are involved in age-related pathologies through many heterogeneous processes, including secretion of pro-inflammatory senescence-associated secretory phenotype factors, which affect the brain differently. Alzheimer’s disease is an example of a neurodegenerative condition connected to cellular senescence. Senescent cells have been demonstrated to accumulate near Aβ plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. In this review, the multifactorial connection between Alzheimer’s disease and cellular senescence is discussed, including topics such as senescence of astrocytes, defective mitochondria, dysregulation of cellular autophagy, and the role of senescent microglia.

The human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) are ancient exogenous retroviruses that were embedded in the germline over 30 million years ago and underwent an endogenization process. They make up roughly 8% of the human genome. HERVs exhibit many physiological and non-physiological functions; for example, they play a role in the development of many diseases. They have been shown to affect carcinogenesis by modifying the expression of host genes through their functions as enhancers and promoters. Additionally, some molecules derived from HERVs may stimulate the immune system. Recently research has been focused on the effect of human endogenous retroviruses on the development of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), which is the most common cause of dementia. AD is also linked to a significant deterioration in quality of life. The article aims to highlight the potential role of HERVs in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease and senescence. Moreover, it is estimated that HERVs may be potential targets for diagnosis and therapy of AD.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is marked by the pathological aggregation of amyloid β (Aβ) and tau proteins. Emerging research reveals that these proteins undergo liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS), forming biomolecular condensates that promote aggregation and neurotoxicity. These phase-separated structures reshape the intracellular environment, facilitating protein misfolding and spreading. This review highlights recent advances in understanding the role of condensates in AD pathogenesis and explores novel therapeutic strategies targeting condensate dynamics. Promising approaches include small molecules that disrupt LLPS, epigenetic drugs influencing nuclear condensates, and compounds like DDL 920 and RI AG03 that modulate tau phase separation and neuroinflammation, respectively. Additionally, anti-inflammatory agents, such as nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), offer potential for upstream intervention. Targeting biomolecular condensates presents a next-generation strategy for AD treatment. Future research should focus on in vivo profiling of condensate composition, biomarker development, and the development of patient-specific therapies to enable early, disease-modifying interventions.

Introduction and purpose: There has been a global increase in the prevalence of adults diagnosed with primary brain tumors. Meningiomas are the most common primary brain tumors, the majority are benign. For asymptomatic, slow-growing tumors, observation with imaging studies may be considered. Surgical resection is the main form of treatment. Other options are radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Astrocytomas are biologically and morphologically diverse group of brain tumors divided into two classes. IDH-wild-type tumors are classified as grade IV astrocytomas. They are widespread malignant brain tumors in adults. Despite aggressive therapy consisting of surgical resection, radiotherapy and temozolomide as many as 90% of grade IV gliomas will have a local recurrence. Ependymoma is a primary tumor. The most proper method of treatment is GTR, in addition radiotherapy is considered helpful. Material and Methods: Bibliographic research was limited to papers published between 2014 and 2024. We have analyzed articles with free and paid access. The articles were identified using the PubMed and Google Scholar search, using key terms. Results: The paper focuses on efficacy and prognosis of selected therapies for cancers of the central nervous system with varying degrees of malignancy. This study reviews the prevalence, current diagnostic tools and evidence-based methods. Conclusions: Brain tumor treatment depends on the type of tumor and the patient's condition. Meningiomas can be treated from observation to surgical removal, and if the tumor cannot be completely removed, radiotherapy is used. Low-grade gliomas are treated surgically, while high-grade gliomas require additional chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Modern surgical techniques and stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) improve treatment results. Ependymoma, a rare CNS tumor, requires complete removal in the case of benign changes, and radiotherapy in the case of higher-grade tumors.

Oncological treatment is becoming increasingly effective, but also more complex, and is associated with serious side effects that may affect the nervous system. The article aims to highlight and summarise the complications related to the most common treatment modalities for ovarian, lung, and breast cancers. A comprehensive search was conducted using the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases, to identify English-language articles in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) recommendations. A total of 78 articles were included in the analysis. In ovarian cancer, surgery was found to be associated with complications such as stroke and delirium. Adjuvant chemotherapy mainly includes platinum compounds (carboplatin or cisplatin) and taxanes (paclitaxel or docetaxel), which commonly induce neuropathy. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy, including poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors, causes relatively mild neurological complications such as headache and insomnia. Radiotherapy for lung cancers may result in headache, nausea, vomiting, drowsiness, fatigue, cognitive impairment, and leukoencephalopathy or radiation necrosis of the spinal cord. Platinum compounds and taxanes cause chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy, whereas PD-1 inhibitors may lead to immune-related neurological toxicity. The main complications of breast cancer therapy include chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy, cognitive impairment, stroke, encephalopathy, chronic pain, and brachial plexopathy. Many mechanisms underlying neurotoxicity have not yet been fully elucidated, and knowledge regarding the short- and long-term complications affecting the nervous system still requires further development.

Introduction and objective: Drug hypersensitivity reactions are common in the therapy of various diseases. The Gell and Coombs classification divides immunologic drug hypersensitivity reactions into four major pathophysiologic categories based on immunologic mechanism (I, II, III, IV). The...