The numerical method is a technique used to formulate mathematical problems so that it can be solved using ordinary arithmetic operations. In general, numerical methods are used to solve mathematical problems that cannot be solved by ordinary analytic methods. In the Numerical Method, we recognize two types of systems of equations, namely the Linear Equation System and the Non-Linear Equation System. Each system of equations has several methods. In the Linear Equation System between methods is the Gauss Elimination method, the Gauss-Jordan Elimination method, the LU (Lower-Upper) Decomposition method. And for Non-Linear Equation Systems between the methods are the Bisection method, the Regula Falsi method, the Newton Raphson method, the Secant method, and the Fix Iteration method. In this study, researchers are interested in analyzing 2 methods in the Non-Linear Equation System, the Newton-Raphson method and the Secant method. And this analysis process uses the Java programming language tools, this is to facilitate the analysis of method completion algorithm, and monitoring in terms of execution time and analysis of output results. So we can clearly know the difference between what happens between the two methods.
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In this work, iron oxide materials α-Fe 2 O 3 and Fe 3 O 4 were investigated as alternative electron and hole transport layers (ETL and HTL) in planar perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Devices were fabricated with the configuration ITO/α-Fe 2 O 3 /PCBM/Perovskite/Fe 3 O 4 /PEDOT:PSS/Ag using a spin-coating method. Structural, optical, and electrical properties were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV–Vis spectroscopy, and current–voltage (J–V) measurements. XRD confirmed the presence of distinct α-Fe 2 O 3 and Fe 3 O 4 crystalline phases, while UV–Vis analysis revealed enhanced absorption and a reduced optical bandgap of 2.04 eV. Devices incorporating both oxide layers achieved improved charge separation and interfacial contact, leading to a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 0.83%, nearly 30 times higher than the reference device without oxide layers. These findings highlight α-Fe 2 O 3 and Fe 3 O 4 as promising low-cost, stable transport layers for enhancing the efficiency and sustainability of PSCs.