As smart homes (SHs) integrate into distribution systems, microgrid scheduling has become increasingly important because of their schedulable loads that reduce peak loads. Accordingly, a multi-objective optimization approach is presented for SH energy management (SHEM) and demand response (DR) programs with 30-min time slots. Time-of-use tariffs are used in the suggested scheme, and the primary goal is to minimize the daily bills and peak-to-average ratio (PAR), simultaneously. This scheme includes flexible and fixed home appliances. Here, the SHEM system consists of photovoltaic and wind turbine systems in combination with an electrical energy storage (EES) system to provide optimum peak load performance at peak times, based on the discharging and charging mechanism. Also, in the proposed mathematical formulation, the bought and selling energy is considered during the day. An improved Biogeography-based optimization algorithm (IBBO) is used to solve the multi-objective problem. The first step is to develop the equations for general electrical appliances of particular SH consumers, and then minimize the mentioned two objectives. Based on the outcomes under different scenarios such as different sizes of renewable energy resources, various charging/discharging rates, and different selling electricity tariff ratios, PAR and operational costs are reduced, and the electricity is sold to upstream. Moreover, simulations show that the suggested scheme produces the optimal outcomes, in which both objectives are near their optimal levels, as shown in the Pareto Front of the optimal solutions. The maximum standard deviation of total objective function between all cases for IBBO, gray wolf optimizer (GWO), and whale optimization algorithm (WOA) are 6.55, 17.22, and 24.87, respectively, which show the robustness of IBBO in finding the best solution in comparisons of other algorithms. Also, the average solution of IBBO is lower than GWO, and WOA, which shows the performance and superiority of IBBO in finding the best solution.

Increasingly, renewable energy resources, energy storage systems (ESSs), and demand response programs (DRPs) are being discussed due to environmental concerns and smart grid developments. An innovative home appliance scheduling scheme is presented in this paper, which incorporates a local energy grid with wind turbines (WTs), photovoltaic (PV), and ESS, which is connected to an upstream grid, to schedule household appliances while considering various constraints and DRP. Firstly, the household appliances are specified as non-shiftable and shiftable (interruptible, and uninterruptible) loads, respectively. Secondly, an enhanced mathematical formulation is presented for smart home energy management which considers the real-time price of upstream grids, the price of WT, and PV, and also the sold energy from the smart home to the microgrid. Three objective functions are considered in the proposed energy management: electricity bill, peak-to-average ratio (PAR), and pollution emissions. To solve the optimization problem, a novel modification-based grey wolf optimizer (GWO) is proposed. When the wolves hunt prey, other wild animals try to steal the prey or some part of the prey, hence they should protect the prey; therefore, this modification mimics the battle between the grey wolves and other wild animals for the hunted prey. This modification improves the performance of the GWO in finding the best solution. Simulations are examined and compared under different conditions to explore the effectiveness and efficiency of the suggested scheme for simultaneously optimizing all three objective functions. Also, both GWO and improved GWO (IGWO) are compared under different scenarios, which shows that IGWO improvement has better performance and is more robust. It has been seen in the results that the suggested framework can significantly diminish the energy costs, PAR, and emissions simultaneously.

The smart home contributions in energy management systems can help the microgrid operator overcome technical problems and ensure economically viable operation by flattening the load profile. The purpose of this paper is to propose a smart home energy management system (SHEMS) that enables smart homes to monitor, store, and manage energy efficiently. SHEMS relies heavily on energy storage systems (ESSs) and electric vehicles (EVs), which enable smart homes to be more flexible and enhance the reliability and efficiency of renewable energy sources. It is vital to study the optimal operation of batteries in SHEMS; hence, a multi-objective optimization approach for SHEMS and demand response programs is proposed to simultaneously reduce the daily bills, the peak-to-average ratio, and the number of battery discharging cycles of ESSs and EVs. An inverter-based air conditioner, photovoltaic system, ESS, and EV, shiftable and non-shiftable equipment are considered in the suggested smart home. In addition, the amount of energy purchased and sold throughout the day is taken into account in the suggested mathematical formulation based on the real-time market pricing. The suggested multi-objective problem is solved by an improved gray wolf optimizer, and various weather conditions, including rainy, sunny, and cloudy days, are also analyzed. Additionally, simulations indicate that the proposed method achieves optimal results, with three objectives shown on the Pareto front of the optimal solutions.