Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the nature of spontaneous regression of liver hemangiomas. Patients and methods: The records of the liver hemangioma patients who attended the out-patient clinic between 1988 and 2018 were evaluated. The data of the 716 adult patients who were followed for at least 3 years with cross-sectional imaging were analyzed. Results: Spontaneous regression was documented in 46 patients (6.4%). Twenty-eight patients had a single hemangioma (61%), eight (17%) had two hemangiomas; the other 10 patients had 3–6 hemangiomas. Of the 87 lesions in 46 patients, 69 actually regressed during the study. Twelve patients with more than one lesion exhibited discordant courses – one of the hemangiomas of a patient with multiple lesions regressed, whereas the other enlarged or remained stable. Eleven of the regressed hemangiomas exhibited enlargement first, followed by spontaneous regression. Fourteen (20%) of the regressed hemangiomas acquired atypical characteristics that would have suggested a malignancy had the original films been unavailable. Conclusion: Spontaneous regression of liver hemangiomas is an underrecognized phenomenon. Enlargement should not be a straightforward indication for intervention because it may be followed by regression. A regressed hemangioma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of liver lesions suspicious for malignancy.

The objective of the research, conducted with 733 participants in the United Kingdom, is to reveal the moderating effect of e-marketplace familiarity on the relationship between trust and risk reduction in the context of product types using a structural model. The research model was tested by randomly presenting participants with one of two different, each containing three different product types. Products were considered in 3 different categories as search and experience goods. In the research model, the moderating effects of familiarity and product type on the relationship between trust and risk reduction were evaluated with regression analysis based on the Bootstrap method using PROCESS Macro. The results show that the moderating effect of familiarity within the relationship between trust and risk reduction is managed by product types. This research also provides important findings in terms of marketing strategies. It is suggested that unknown e-marketplaces should give more importance to marketing communications by using trustworthy messages.

Purpose Despite medical progress and laparoscopic cholecystectomy being standard for Grade II-III acute calculous cholecystitis in ASA II patients, optimal management, especially the timing of cholecystectomy (early vs. delayed) considering morbidity, risk-benefit, and cost, is still debated. While percutaneous cholecystostomy is definitive for ASA III/IV patients, its role as a bridge to cholecystectomy and the ideal interval in ASA II medically refractory cases remain unclear. Methods This retrospective study assessed the impact of initial percutaneous cholecystostomy on the timing, duration, and type of subsequent elective cholecystectomy in ASA Class II patients with Tokyo Grade II–III acute calculous cholecystitis. Percutaneous cholecystostomy was performed in patients with moderate cholecystitis unresponsive to conservative management and in those with severe cholecystitis presenting with negative predictive factors indicating a high risk of conservative treatment failure and perioperative complications. In both groups, the procedure served as a bridging intervention to stabilize patients before definitive surgery. The primary aim was to evaluate the effects of this strategy on surgical timing, complexity, and overall treatment outcomes. Results Of the 176 patients initially admitted with acute cholecystitis, 97 met the inclusion criteria, comprising those with Tokyo Grade II–III disease and classified as ASA II. Among patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy more than eight weeks after percutaneous cholecystostomy, 77% experienced prolonged operative durations, defined as procedures exceeding 60 min. Delayed surgical intervention in this specific cohort was consistently associated with a marked increase in both intraoperative complexity and technical difficulty during the laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Conclusions The liberal use of percutaneous cholecystostomy in patients with Tokyo Grade II–III acute calculous cholecystitis is not recommended. When percutaneous cholecystostomy is necessary as a bridging intervention prior to definitive surgical management, early laparoscopic cholecystectomy should remain the preferred approach in the majority of ASA II cases. Percutaneous cholecystostomy should be reserved for patients who are unresponsive to conservative treatment or present with contraindications to immediate surgery.

Background and Objectives: Incidental gallbladder carcinoma (IGBC) is an uncommon but clinically significant finding after elective cholecystectomy, as failure to recognize malignancy preoperatively may lead to inadequate initial surgical management. Inflammation-based hematological indices have been explored in various gastrointestinal malignancies; however, data focusing on preoperative discrimination of IGBC are limited. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of the Advanced Lung Cancer Inflammation Index (ALI) and other inflammatory and immunonutritional indices in distinguishing IGBC from benign gallbladder disease. Materials and Methods: This retrospective matched case–control study included patients who underwent elective cholecystectomy between 2020 and 2025. Nineteen patients with histopathologically confirmed IGBC were matched 1:4 by age and sex with 76 patients with benign gallbladder disease. Preoperative laboratory parameters obtained within 72 h before surgery were used to calculate inflammatory indices, including NLR, PLR, LMR, SII, CAR, ALI, and the CALLY index. Diagnostic performance was assessed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Independent associations with malignancy were evaluated using matched conditional logistic regression. Results: No significant differences were observed between benign and malignant groups in baseline demographic or routine laboratory parameters. Among derived indices, ALI and LMR demonstrated borderline differences, representing the closest discriminatory markers. In ROC analysis, ALI showed the highest diagnostic performance (AUC = 0.69), followed by LMR (AUC = 0.639). In matched conditional logistic regression, ALI was independently and inversely associated with malignancy (adjusted OR = 0.997 per unit, 95% CI: 0.9937–1.0000; p = 0.04); when rescaled per 100-unit increase, the adjusted OR was 0.93, whereas LMR did not reach statistical significance. Conclusions: Among evaluated preoperative inflammatory and immunonutritional indices, ALI demonstrated a more consistent association with incidental gallbladder carcinoma. Although its discriminative ability was moderate, ALI may serve as a complementary biomarker for preoperative risk stratification when integrated with clinical and radiological assessment.

This book chapter explores how AI-powered personalization and hyper-personalization have transformed digital marketing, illustrated through concrete examples encountered in daily life. Thanks to big data, machine learning, and data analytics, marketing today has evolved into a smarter and more proactive structure that focuses directly on the individual rather than merely on similar consumers. In this transformation, recommendation systems emerge as key tools that facilitate the consumer decision-making process and make the experience more seamless. This chapter also discusses the delicate balance between the benefits offered by hyper-personalization and privacy concerns, emphasizing the pivotal role of trust in this process. The study argues that sustainable success in AI-based marketing applications depends not only on technological capability but also on adopting an ethical, transparent, and trust-oriented approach.