Background: Tetanus is a life-threatening but preventable neurologic disorder characterized by trismus and muscle spasms. Despite its decreasing global incidence, it remains to be endemic in resource-limited settings such as the Philippines. This study aimed to determine the incidence, demographic characteristics, risk factors, clinical presentation, management, complications, and outcomes of non-neonatal tetanus cases in a tertiary hospital in the Philippines. It also aimed to compare the clinical profile and outcomes between the adult and pediatric subgroups. Methods: This study used a retrospective cross-sectional design including all adult and pediatric non-neonatal tetanus patients admitted at the University of the Philippines - Philippine General Hospital from January 2012 to June 2023. Data was extracted from department censuses and inpatient charts. Results: One hundred thirty-eight cases were included. The incidence rate was 0.03%, while mortality rate was 29%. Majority of patients were males presenting with trismus and spasms after sustaining a puncture wound. Chronic hypertension was associated with an increased hazard of death by 4.5 times (p = 0.004), while treatment with magnesium sulfate was associated with a decreased hazard of death by 35 times (p = 0.005). The mode of infection and the medications administered differed between the adult and pediatric subgroups. Conclusions: Although the total number of cases has decreased over the past decade, tetanus remains to have a high incidence and mortality rate in the Philippines. Increasing vaccination coverage, improving public awareness, and educating health professionals can help reduce morbidity and mortality from this disease.

Background: Chronic headache after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) remains an ongoing area of investigation, with uncertainty regarding its prevalence and long-term outcomes.Methods: A systematic review was conducted across five databases – Medline (Ovid), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (Ovid), PsychInfo (Ovid), Embase (Ovid) and Scopus (Elsevier) – to identify all studies investigating the prevalence of chronic headaches after aSAH. A total of five studies were identified and included in our review.Results: There were five observational studies (three cohort and two cross-sectional). The overall prevalence of chronic headaches after aSAH ranged from 16.1% to 41%, albeit across a follow-up time frame of 12 months to 7.5 years. Outcome measurements included quantitative pain scores and opioid usage; however, these were inconsistent across studies, and the studies did not address the long-term impacts of chronic headaches on quality of life or their psychosocial implications.Conclusion: The prevalence of chronic headache after aSAH is not well-characterized, and long-term outcomes are seldom studied, highlighting a critical gap in the current literature. Longitudinal cohort studies with standardized approaches to ascertain the psychosocial and physiological burden associated with post-aSAH chronic headaches are urgently needed.

Background. Thrombolysis, or the administration of intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (IV rTPA) within the narrow therapeutic window following ischemic stroke onset, has emerged as a critical intervention in acute stroke care with the potential to restore blood flow and improve chances of functional recovery. Objectives. This study aimed to describe the demographic profile, risk factors, ischemic stroke subtypes, clinical course, and outcomes of stroke thrombolysis in a tertiary hospital in the Philippines over the past five years. It also aimed to evaluate key performance indicators in terms of benchmark times in the administration of IV rTPA. Methods. This study used a retrospective observational design including all adult acute ischemic stroke patients who received IV rTPA at the University of the Philippines - Philippine General Hospital (UP-PGH). Data was collected through census and chart review. Results. One hundred eighty-eight patients received IV rTPA, majority were males (57.45%) with a median age of 60 years old. Hypertension (76.60%) was the most common risk factor for ischemic stroke. Partial anterior circulation infarcts (67.55%) and large artery atherosclerosis (49.47%) were the most common ischemic stroke subtype and etiology, respectively. The median door to needle time was 48 minutes, and the median length of hospital stay was five days. There was improvement in median NIHSS from 13 to 4, with a median modified Rankin scale of 3 indicating moderate disability upon discharge. Less than five percent (4.79%) had symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage. The inhospital all-cause mortality rate among thrombolysed patients was 13.83%, mostly from non-neurologic causes. Nosocomial pneumonia and the need for neurosurgical interventions after thrombolysis were significantly associated with poor outcome (p <0.05). Conclusion. Our findings support the use of IV rTPA in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke. Existing stroke protocols in our institution are able to achieve the recommended thrombolysis benchmark times, leading to better functional outcomes for stroke patients.

Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a rare neurocutaneous disorder presenting with growth of hamartomas in various parts of the body. There have been few reported cases of TSC coexisting with hypercoagulable states from protein C and S deficiency and systemic lupus erythematosus, but to the best of our knowledge, this is the first documented case of TSC occurring with primary antiphospholipid syndrome. We report the case of an adolescent female with ash-leaf spots, shagreen patches, cortical tubers and seizures presenting with acute unilateral vision loss from ophthalmic artery thrombosis. Work-up was positive for lupus anticoagulant, and genetic testing confirmed a mutation in the TSC1 gene. She was maintained on aspirin, warfarin and anti-seizure medications. Experimental models suggest possible pathways linking TSC1 deficiency with thrombosis, although this association remains unclear in humans. Podoplanin has been implicated as a candidate gene in both TSC-related epilepsy and thrombosis, potentially linking these two conditions.