Oxidative stress is the consequence of an overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that exceeds the antioxidant defense mechanisms. Increased levels of ROS contribute to the development of cardiovascular disorders through oxidative damage to macromolecules, particularly by oxidation of plasma lipoproteins. One of the most prominent features of atherogenic dyslipidemia is plasma accumulation of small dense LDL (sdLDL) particles, characterized by an increased susceptibility to oxidation. Indeed, a considerable and diverse body of evidence from animal models and epidemiological studies was generated supporting oxidative modification of sdLDL particles as the earliest event in atherogenesis. Lipid peroxidation of LDL particles results in the formation of various bioactive species that contribute to the atherosclerotic process through different pathophysiological mechanisms, including foam cell formation, direct detrimental effects, and receptor-mediated activation of pro-inflammatory signaling pathways. In this paper, we will discuss recent data on the pathophysiological role of oxidative stress and atherogenic dyslipidemia and their interplay in the development of atherosclerosis. In addition, a special focus will be placed on the clinical applicability of novel, promising biomarkers of these processes.

Oxidative stress and inflammation are two phenomena that are directly involved in practically all pathologies and especially in aging

Osteoporosis is a chronic disease that is characterized by a loss of bone density, which mainly affects the microstructure of the bones due to a decrease in bone mass, thereby making them more fragile and susceptible to fractures. Osteoporosis is currently considered one of the pandemics of the 21st century, affecting around 200 million people. Its most serious consequence is an increased risk of bone fractures, thus making osteoporosis a major cause of disability and even premature death in the elderly. In this review, we discuss its causes, the biochemical mechanisms of bone regeneration, risk factors, pharmacological treatments, prevention and the effects of diet, focusing in this case on compounds present in a diet that could have palliative and preventive effects and could be used as concomitant treatments to drugs, which are and should always be the first option. It should be noted as a concluding remark that non-pharmacological treatments such as diet and exercise have, or should have, a relevant role in supporting pharmacology, which is the recommended prescription today, but we cannot ignore that they can have a great relevance in the treatment of this disease.

Osteoporosis is a chronic disease that is characterized by a loss of bone density, mainly affecting the microstructure of the bones, due to a decrease in bone mass, thereby making them more fragile and susceptible to fractures. Osteoporosis is currently considered one of the pandemics of the 21st century, affecting around 200 million people. Its most serious consequence is an increased risk of bone fractures, thus making osteoporosis a major cause of disability and even premature death in the elderly. In this review we discuss causes, biochemical mechanisms of bone regeneration, risk factors, pharmacological treatments, prevention and effects of diet, focusing in this case on compounds present in the diet that could have palliative and preventive effects and could be used as concomitant treatments to drugs, which are and should always be the first option. It should be noted as concluding remarks that non-pharmacological treatments such as diet and exercise have, or should have, a relevant role in supporting pharmacology, which is the recommended prescription today, but we cannot ignore that they can have a great relevance in the treatment of this disease.

Liver transplantation is commonly used for end-stage liver disease, but the demand for organs exceeds the supply, leading to the use of expanded criteria donors (ECDs). Organs from ECDs, especially from donors after circulatory death (DCD), encounter challenges like increased ischemia damage. Biomarkers, especially oxidative stress markers, may provide valuable insights for understanding and monitoring post-transplant events. Here, we highlight the unique value of organ preservation solution (OPS) as a non-invasive and early source of redox biomarkers, directly reflecting graft status during critical cold storage. This study investigated oxidative stress in 74 donated livers using OPS samples collected after cold storage, and also liver biopsies obtained before and after storage. We measured lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation, DNA oxidation, and total antioxidant capacity from OPS, and performed gene expression analysis of liver biopsies. Oxidative stress markers differed based on donation type, with higher lipid peroxidation in DCD samples compared with donation after brain death (18.51 ± 2.77 vs. 11.03 ± 1.31 nmoles malondialdehyde (MDA)/mg protein; p = 0.049). Likewise, oxidative damage markers were associated with clinical outcomes: lipid peroxidation was increased in patients who developed biliary complications (21.86 ± 5.91 vs. 11.97 ± 1.12 nmol MDA/mg protein; p = 0.05), and protein carbonylation was elevated in those experiencing acute rejection (199.6 ± 22.02 vs. 141.6 ± 15.94 nmol carbonyl/mg protein; p = 0.005). Moreover, higher protein carbonylation levels showed a trend toward reduced survival (p = 0.091). Transcriptomic analysis revealed overexpression of genes associated with reactive oxygen species production in DCD livers. A predictive model for acute rejection integrating OPS biomarkers with clinical variables achieved 83% accuracy. Hence, this study underscores the importance of assessing oxidative stress status in preservation fluid as a biomarker for evaluating liver transplant outcomes and highlights the need for validation in larger, independent cohorts.