Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are clonal disorders of hematopoietic stem cells characterized by aberrant proliferation of myeloid lineages, driven primarily by mutations in JAK2, CALR, and myeloproliferative leukemia, leading to constitutive activation of the JAK-STAT pathway. Emerging evidence highlights mitochondrial dysfunction as a key factor in MPN pathogenesis, contributing to increased reactive oxygen species production, mitochondrial DNA mutations, and dysregulated mitochondrial dynamics, which collectively promote clonal expansion and apoptosis resistance. Targeting mitochondrial pathways has gained attention as a therapeutic strategy, with approaches including mitochondria-targeted antioxidants, metabolic inhibitors, and modulation of mitophagy and mitochondrial fission/fusion dynamics. However, challenges such as drug delivery specificity, therapeutic resistance, and off-target effects remain significant. Recent advances in precision medicine, incorporating genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic profiling, offer a more personalized approach to MPN treatment by tailoring interventions to individual mutation patterns. Additionally, novel therapeutic strategies, including gene editing technologies, RNA-based therapies, and nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery systems, hold promise for overcoming current treatment limitations. The integration of artificial intelligence in drug discovery and biomarker identification further enhances the potential for targeted therapies. Future research should focus on refining these strategies, developing reliable biomarkers for patient stratification, and exploring combination therapies that enhance treatment efficacy while minimizing adverse effects. By addressing mitochondrial dysfunction as an underlying driver of MPNs, these emerging approaches have the potential to improve disease management, extend patient survival, and enhance quality of life. Also, this new approach of precision medicine allows patient stratification and ensures that treatments are formed according to the individual disease biology of each patient, which results in overall better outcomes.

Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disorder that has been recognized as a significant public health concern worldwide. An imbalance between the protective oral microbiota and numerous oral pathogens has been implicated in its pathogenesis. Periodontitis not only impacts an individual’s oral health but also has systemic implications. The pathogenesis of periodontitis and these respiratory infections has been shown to be intricately linked. Numerous clinical research and animal studies have highlighted that the oral health of a population is closely related to their systemic health. It has been suggested that the periodontal pockets can act as a reservoir for oral pathogens, which can later migrate into the respiratory tract through aspiration or systemic circulation. This is a narrative review conducted after a wide literature search on databases such as PubMed, Cochrane, and Google Scholar with keywords including “Periodontitis,” “Respiratory,” “Infections,” “Tuberculosis,” ‘COVID-19’, “Pneumonia,” “Asthma,” and “COPD” published in the last 15 years. The cornerstone of this comprehensive review lies in deciphering the pathogenesis and epidemiology of periodontitis and how these periodontal bacteria contribute to respiratory infections through numerous biological mechanisms, inflammatory pathways, and the potential pathways of infection transmission. We also explore the empirical evidence through research studies supporting the periodontitis–respiratory infections link and also studies with conflicting or inconclusive results. By connecting the dots between this crucial oral–systemic link, we hope to uncover the gaps in the current research and find new avenues for developing cost-effective, targeted, transformative preventive and therapeutic strategies that will not only improve oral health but will also support respiratory health and help reduce the global burden of respiratory infections. Strengthening oral hygiene programs could reduce the burden of respiratory diseases, particularly in elderly and high-risk populations.

Chronic inflammation is the key pathophysiological link between psychological disorders and cardio-oncology, two seemingly separate clinical domains with increasingly acknowledged interdependencies. The inflammatory cascade not only plays a role in the etiology and development of several psychological disorders but is also a common biological substrate for cardiovascular difficulties in cancer patients (cardio-oncology). Despite mounting evidence of this tripartite link, clinical practice still uses fragmented integrated approaches to treating these interrelated illnesses. The purpose of this review is to compile the most recent data regarding the inflammatory pathways that are common to psychological illnesses, oncological processes, and cardiovascular side effects of cancer treatment. We examine how psychological discomfort in cancer patients worsens cardiovascular outcomes and how cardiovascular problems affect psychological well-being oppositely. Additionally, we assess new inflammatory biomarkers that may be useful for both diagnosis and prognosis in these disorders. This review offers a thorough framework for clinicians and researchers to address the intricate relationships between cancer treatment, psychological functioning, and cardiovascular health. It does so by looking at the most recent developments in anti-inflammatory interventions, pain management techniques, and integrated therapeutic approaches. Our goal is to draw attention to potential targeted therapies that use inflammatory pathway regulation to address several facets of this clinical triad at once.

Introduction: Obesity among reproductive-aged women increases the risk of gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, menstrual disorders, infertility, and delivery complications. Despite rising global obesity rates, clinical guidelines often lack comprehensive management strategies. This review examines evidence-based approaches to optimize maternal and gynecologic outcomes through multidisciplinary care. Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted on obesity-related obstetric and gynecologic complications, including national and international guidelines, clinical trials, and observational studies. Key management strategies such as preconception care, lifestyle interventions, pharmacologic therapies, surgical treatments, and digital health solutions were analyzed. Results: Obesity is linked to multiple adverse maternal outcomes, including increased rates of gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, prolonged labor, postpartum hemorrhage, and fetal complications. Gynecologic conditions such as polycystic ovary syndrome, endometrial hyperplasia, and infertility are also exacerbated by obesity-related metabolic changes. Effective management strategies involve a combination of preconception weight loss interventions, structured gestational monitoring, pharmacologic treatments, and surgical approaches like bariatric surgery for high-risk cases. Telehealth interventions and digital health solutions provide an opportunity to bridge the gap in healthcare access, particularly in rural areas. However, challenges remain due to provider bias, adherence issues, and evolving clinical guidelines. Conclusions: Integrating medical, surgical, and digital health strategies is essential for improving outcomes in obese women. Expanding telehealth, enhancing provider training, and developing culturally tailored interventions will promote equitable healthcare. Future research should focus on region-specific solutions to optimize maternal and fetal health.

Phytophotodermatitis is a skin condition which results when certain plant chemicals interact with sunlight, leading to dermatitis upon exposure. Parthenium hysterophorus, also referred to as Congress grass, is a growing concern in India due to its plethora of hazards to the environment, including its toxicity to livestock and its invasive nature, which disturbs the biodiversity and agricultural productivity and health related threats which include severe allergic reactions, contact dermatitis and triggering respiratory diseases such as allergic rhinitis and even asthma. This plant is invasive as well as contains phototoxic compounds, especially psoralens, which can trigger dermatitis following exposure to UV light in individuals who are sensitized. Clinical features in affected patients range from erythema, blisters, and changes in pigmentation of the skin, and especially impacts those who get exposed to the plant, primarily involving agricultural activities or outdoors. There is an increase in incidence of phytophotodermatitis secondary to Parthenium which highlights the need for intensified public awareness and plan of action. The general public needs to be made aware of the risks that are linked to Parthenium exposure and reforms regarding the same need to be implemented. Given the invasiveness of this plant species, policies to control its spread in the region are needed. This article brings into limelight the necessity of further research in the fields of environmental, socio-economic and clinical outcomes and prevention of Parthenium in India. Public health education and constructive management practices is indispensable to alleviate the risks posed by Parthenium.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common malignancy with high incidence and mortality. Hormone signaling pathways, including estrogen, progesterone (P4), and androgen receptors (ARs), influence tumor development and progression and offer potential therapeutic opportunities. This study investigates the role of sex steroid receptors in CRC, explores therapeutic strategies, and considers sex-specific implications. Multiple cohort studies were analyzed based on gender, age, clinical stage, and tumor location. A structured literature search was conducted across PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, selecting studies with relevant sex-specific data and study designs. ERβ exhibits antitumor effects, with lower levels linked to tumors in females, while ERα and AR promote growth, particularly in postmenopausal women. Progesterone receptors (PGRs) are associated with poorer prognosis, though P4 treatment inhibits CRC cell proliferation. Malignant tissues show increased ERα and AR but decreased ERβ and PGR. ER isoforms’ mRNA is lower in malignant females, and AR expression is higher in males. Women more often develop proximal colon tumors (reduced ERβ) and men develop distal tumors, reflecting nuanced gene transcription modulation by ERα, ERβ, and G-protein coupled estrogen receptor (GPER). The mechanism of P4’s protective effect remains unclear. Variability in cell lines, hormone concentrations, receptor expression, and hormone replacement therapy outcomes complicates interpretation, as do interactions between cytokines and estrogen signaling in the tumor microenvironment. Future strategies include combined ERβ and PGR activation, sequential estrogen-P4 therapy for early stage CRC, and simultaneous therapy for advanced cases. Research should clarify sex hormone roles, advance prognostic markers, explore selective estrogen receptor modulators, target ERβ pharmacologically, and investigate gut microbiome influences for tailored interventions.