Paratuberculosis, a chronic disease affecting ruminant livestock, is caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). It has direct and indirect economic costs, impacts animal welfare and arouses public health concerns. In a survey of 48 countries we found paratuberculosis to be very common in livestock. In about half the countries more than 20% of herds and flocks were infected with MAP. Most countries had large ruminant populations (millions), several types of farmed ruminants, multiple husbandry systems and tens of thousands of individual farms, creating challenges for disease control. In addition, numerous species of free-living wildlife were infected. Paratuberculosis was notifiable in most countries, but formal control programs were present in only 22 countries. Generally, these were the more highly developed countries with advanced veterinary services. Of the countries without a formal control program for paratuberculosis, 76% were in South and Central America, Asia and Africa while 20% were in Europe. Control programs were justified most commonly on animal health grounds, but protecting market access and public health were other factors. Prevalence reduction was the major objective in most countries, but Norway and Sweden aimed to eradicate the disease, so surveillance and response were their major objectives. Government funding was involved in about two thirds of countries, but operations tended to be funded by farmers and their organizations and not by government alone. The majority of countries (60%) had voluntary control programs. Generally, programs were supported by incentives for joining, financial compensation and/or penalties for non-participation. Performance indicators, structure, leadership, practices and tools used in control programs are also presented. Securing funding for long-term control activities was a widespread problem. Control programs were reported to be successful in 16 (73%) of the 22 countries. Recommendations are made for future control programs, including a primary goal of establishing an international code for paratuberculosis, leading to universal acknowledgment of the principles and methods of control in relation to endemic and transboundary disease. An holistic approach across all ruminant livestock industries and long-term commitment is required for control of paratuberculosis.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a significant mortality factor due to nosocomial infections in humans. P. aeruginosa has been known with severe infections, high incidence, and multiple drug resistance. The present study aims to rapidly diagnose and biotype the isolates of P. aeruginosa isolated from human infections in Shiraz hospitals and health centers. Ninety six different isolates were collected from skin, urine, sputum, blood, wound, central vein blood, body fluids and burn wounds between January 2016 and February 2017. After phenotypic confirmation, isolates were examined by PCR for molecular confirmation. Ninety three isolates were verified as P. aeruginosa in molecular analysis. Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus (ERIC) PCR and Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) were done for 67 isolates. In ERIC-PCR, the patterns obtained included 2–11 bands. The RAPD patterns obtained with primers 272 and 208 consisted of 3–11 and 1–12 bands respectively. Based on dice similarity coefficient of greater than 80%, 38, 45 and 38 groups were identified in ERIC, RAPD 272 and RAPD 208 respectively. The results showed that the isolates of P. aeruginosa have a high polymorphism apparently because of the high genetic variation.